Optimization of enhanced network links

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for dynamic network link acceleration provides a managed communication link for accelerated and reliable network communication between a client and other network devices. In one or more embodiments, a client computing device which generates communication packets of a first type is enhanced with a front end mechanism which selectively encodes the data packets into packets of a second type. The data packets which are encoded into a second type are transmitted over a managed communication link which may provide error correction, security, quality of service, and other services including acceleration of communications.

RELATED APPLICATION DATA

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.15/924,544, filed Mar. 19, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 15/435,281, filed Feb. 16, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No.9,923,987, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/672,425, filed Mar. 30, 3015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,578,124, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/219,299, filed Mar.19, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,996,705, which claims priority to U.S.Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/803,657, filed Mar. 20, 2013, and isa continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/486,347,filed Jun. 1, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,898,340, which is acontinuation-in-part of Ser. No. 12/584,938, filed Sep. 14, 2009, nowU.S. Pat. No. 8,195,823, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/346,767, filed Feb. 3, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No.7,975,066, which is a divisional of Ser. No. 09/835,876, filed Apr. 16,2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,127,518, which claims priority to U.S.Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/197,490, filed Apr. 17, 2000.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates, in general, to network performance and,more particularly, to software, systems and methods for implementingdynamic network acceleration functionality within a networkinfrastructure which includes wireless communication devices.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Increasingly, business data processing systems, entertainment systems,and personal communications systems are implemented by computers acrossnetworks that are interconnected by internetworks (e.g., the Internet).The Internet is rapidly emerging as the preferred system fordistributing and exchanging data. Data exchanges support applicationsincluding electronic commerce, broadcast and multicast messaging,videoconferencing, gaming, and the like.

The Internet is a collection of disparate computers and networks coupledtogether by a web of interconnections using standardized communicationsprotocols. The Internet is characterized by its vast reach as a resultof its wide and increasing availability and easy access protocols.Unfortunately, the heterogeneous nature of the Internet makes itdifficult for the hardware and software that implement the Internet toadd functionality.

The Open System Interconnection (OSI) network model usefully describesnetworked data communication, such as the Internet, as a series oflogical layers or protocol layers. Each layer provides services to thelayer above it, and shields the layer above it from details of lowerlayers. Each layer is configured to communicate with other similar levellayers. In general, computers at network nodes (e.g., clients andservers) implement higher level processes including application layer,presentation layer, and session layer processes. Lower level processes,including network layer, data link layer and physical layer operate toplace data in a form suitable for communication across a rawcommunication channel or physical link. Between the higher and lowerlevel processes is a transport layer that typically executes on amachine at the network node, but is highly dependent on the lower levelprocesses.

While standards exist for these layers, application designers have ahigh level of control and can implement semantics and functionality atthe higher layers with a great deal of latitude. In contrast, lowerlayers are highly standardized. Implementing or modifying functionalityin a lower layer protocol is very difficult as such changes can affectalmost all users of the network. Devices such as routers that aretypically associated with infrastructure operate exclusively at thelower protocol layers making it difficult or impossible to implementfunctionality such as real-time processing, data compression, encryptionand error correction within a network infrastructure.

Although the term “Internet infrastructure” encompasses a variety ofhardware and software mechanisms, the term primarily refers to routers,router software, and physical links between these routers that functionto transport data packets from one network node to another.

Internet infrastructure components such as routers and switches are, bydesign, asynchronous. Also by design, it is difficult to accuratelypredict or control the route a particular packet will take through theInternet. This architecture is intended to make the Internet more robustin the event of failures, and to reduce the cost, complexity andmanagement concerns associated with infrastructure components. As aresult, however, a particular node or machine cannot predict thecapabilities of the downstream mechanisms that it must rely on todeliver a packet to its destination. A sending node cannot expect allmechanisms in the infrastructure to support the functions and/or syntaxnecessary to implement such functions as real time processing, datacompression, encryption, and error correction.

For example, it is difficult if not impossible to conduct synchronous ortime-aware operations over the Internet. Such operations include, forexample, real-time media delivery, access to financial markets,interactive events, and the like. While each IP packet includesinformation about the time it was sent, the time base is not synchronousbetween sender and receiver, making the time indication inaccurate.Packets are buffered at various locations through the Internetinfrastructure, and there is no accurate way to ascertain the actual ageor time of issue of the packet. Hence, critical packets may arrive toolate.

Data compression is a well-known technique to improve the efficiency ofdata transport over a communication link. Typically, data compression isperformed at nodes sending the data and decompression performed at anode receiving the data. Infrastructure components responsible forsending the information between the sending and receiving processes donot analyze whether effective compression has been performed, nor canthe infrastructure implement compression on its own. Where either thesending or receiving process is incapable of effective compression, thedata goes uncompressed. This creates undesirable burden that affects allusers. While modems connecting a user over a phone line often applycompression to that link, there is no analogous function within theInternet infrastructure itself. A need exists for Internetinfrastructure components that compress data between network nodes toimprove transport within the Internet.

Similarly, encryption and other data security techniques are well knowntechniques to ensure only authorized users can read data. Likecompression, however, encryption is typically performed by user-leveland application-level processes. If either sending or receiving processcannot perform compatible encryption, the data must be sent in the clearor by non-network processes. A need exists for Internet infrastructurecomponents that apply encryption or other security processestransparently to users.

As another example, forward error correction (FEC) is a known techniqueto reduced traffic volume, reduce latency, and/or increase data transferspeed over lossy connections. FEC adds redundant information, alsoreferred to as error correction code, to the original message, allowingthe receiver to retrieve the message even if it contains erroneous bits.FEC coding can enhances decoded bit error rate values three order ofmagnitude relative to systems not implementing any FEC techniques. Whenthe error can be detected and corrected at the receiving end, there isless need to resend data. FEC is extensively used in many digitalcommunication systems at some level and in mass storage technology tocompensate for media and storage system errors.

However, FEC is not used within the Internet infrastructure. This stemsin part from the additional complexity, cost and management tasks thatsuch capability would impose on the system hardware and software. FECrequires that the sender and receiver both implement compatible FECprocesses. Hence, most if not all infrastructure components would haveto be replaced or modified to implement FEC in an effective manner.Efforts to implement FEC between sending and receiving nodes areoutlined in IETF RFC 2733. This proposed standard applies to real timetransport protocol (RTP) communications between a client and server.This FEC method affects endpoints to a data transfer, but does notaffect servers and or other infrastructure components located betweenthe endpoints. Hence, a need exists for systems and methods thatimplement FEC within the Internet infrastructure to offer the benefitsof FEC technology seamlessly to network users.

In most cases these types of functionality are implemented in higherlevel processes (e.g., the OSI application layer, presentation layer,session layer and/or transport layer). However this requires thatsending and receiving nodes implement a common syntax. For example, bothsending and receiving nodes must implement complementaryencryption/decryption processes, however once this is ensured, thecommunication will be encrypted through out transport. In practice thereare multiple standards for real-time processing, encryption,compression, and error correction, and one or the other node may beunable to support the protocols of the other nodes. Hence, it isdesirable to implement such functionality is a manner that isindependent of the higher level processes so that otherwise incompatibleor incapable application-level processes can benefit.

In other cases, for example real time processing and error correction,it is desirable to have the functionality implemented within the networkinfrastructure, not only between the nodes. For example, implementingerror correction only between the sending and receiving nodes is only apartial solution, as the infrastructure components that operate at lowernetwork layers (e.g., transport, network, data link and/or physicallayer) cannot read error correction codes inserted at higher networklayers. As another example, traffic prioritization within the networkbenefits from knowledge of when packets were actually sent so that theycan be delivered in time for real-time processes.

A particular need exists in environments that involve multiple usersaccessing a network resource such as a web server. Web servers aretypically implemented with rich functionality and are often extensiblein that the functionality provided can be increased modularly to providegeneral-purpose and special-purpose functions. Examples includeinformation services, broadcast, multicast and videoconference services,as well as most electronic commerce (e-commerce) applications. In theseapplications it is important that functionality provided bynetwork-connected resources be provided in a dependable, timely andefficient manner.

Many e-commerce transactions are abandoned by the user because systemperformance degradations frustrate the purchaser before the transactionis consummated. While a transaction that is abandoned while a customeris merely browsing through a catalog may be tolerable, abandonment whenthe customer is just a few clicks away from a purchase is highlyundesirable. However, existing Internet transport protocols and systemsdo not allow the e-commerce site owner any ability to distinguishbetween the “just browsing” and the “about to buy” customers as thisinformation is represented at higher network layers that are notrecognized by the infrastructure components. In fact, the vagaries ofthe Internet may lead to the casual browser receiving a higher qualityof service while the about-to-buy customer becomes frustrated andabandons the transaction.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Briefly stated, the present invention involves a system for implementingfunctionality within a network on behalf of first and second computingor communication devices which communicate with each other through thenetwork.

In one embodiment, a client communication device has a standard or baseconfiguration in which it generates data packets of a first type forcommunication via a wireless interface. The client communication deviceis preferably enhanced with a front-end mechanism which causes theclient communication device to selectively encode data from the one ormore data packets of the first type into one or more encoded packets ofan enhanced type. The data packets of the enhanced type may betransmitted over a managed communication link between the clientcommunication device and a back-end mechanism remote from the clientcommunication device. In a preferred embodiment, at least a portion ofthe managed communication link is wireless.

In one embodiment, the back-end mechanism includes a communicationinterface and also communicates with at least one back-end or seconddevice. Such a device might comprise a server, whereby request andresponse data is exchanged between the client communication device andthe server. In another embodiment, the back-end mechanism might bedirectly associated with a second device. For example, the second devicemight itself comprise a wireless communication device which is enhancedwith a back-end.

In one embodiment, a user of the client communication device may provideinput to cause the front-end to selectively encode the data. Forexample, the client communication device may operate in a base mode inwhich data packets of the first type are transmitted via the wirelessinterface over a standard wireless communication link. Upon selection bythe user, the client communication device may operate in the enhancedmode, where data packets are encoded into the enhanced type and arecommunicated via the wireless interface over the managed communicationlink.

Yet other aspects of the invention comprise methods for creating andoptimizing an enhanced communication link between each front-end/clientand each back-end/server. This aspect of the invention is particularlyuseful in optimizing each enhanced communication channel or link, suchas when there are multiple of such links and those links may all havedifferent characteristics.

In one embodiment of a method, a front-end or a client having anassociated front-end either uses the pre-configured settings ordynamically determines them via network detection and builds them intoone or more initial connection request messages or packets which aretransmitted to a back-end. In one embodiment of the invention, a remoteclient determines its network connection type using an interfaceassociated with its operating system. Using this information andsettings stored in a configuration file or repository, the remote clientcan generate a special connection and configuration packet. The back-endthen uses the connection/configuration information to configure theenhanced communication link.

In one embodiment, incremental adjustments are made to the operationalparameters in order to optimize the enhanced communication link duringits operation.

Further objects, features, and advantages of the present invention overthe prior art will become apparent from the detailed description of thedrawings which follows, when considered with the attached figures.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasisinstead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.In the figures, like reference numerals designate corresponding partsthroughout the different views.

FIG. 1 illustrates a general distributed computing environment in whichthe present invention is implemented;

FIG. 2 illustrates in block-diagram form entity relationships in asystem in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 3 illustrates a domain name system used in an implementation of thepresent invention;

FIG. 4 illustrates front-end components of FIG. 2 in greater detail;

FIG. 5 illustrates back-end components of FIG. 2 in greater detail;

FIG. 6 illustrates in flow-diagram form processes involved in anexemplary implementation of the present invention;

FIG. 7 illustrates a conceptual block diagram of particular componentsintroduced in FIG. 2 in greater detail;

FIG. 8 illustrates exemplary pre-processing processes;

FIG. 9 illustrates exemplary post-processing processes;

FIG. 10 illustrates a general distributed computing environment in whichthe present invention is implemented;

FIG. 11 illustrates in block-diagram form entity relationships in asystem in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 12 illustrates in block-diagram form entity relationships in anoperating system in accordance with the present invention; and

FIG. 13 illustrates a network where different communication links areformed with different remote devices or clients and wherein eachcommunication link may be optimized in accordance with aspects of thepresent invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth inorder to provide a more thorough description of the present invention.It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that thepresent invention may be practiced without these specific details. Inother instances, well-known features have not been described in detailso as not to obscure the invention.

A first set of inventions relate to the improved functionality andmetrics available when cooperating front-end and back-end mechanisms,such as servers or other network devices, are used to transport datathrough the public network. This first class of inventions enable anenhanced communication channel in which both ends can be synchronizedand so easily know when the other end performed specific operations suchas datagram generation and transmission. This enables each side to takeactions based on the knowledge that was previously only available to thetransmitting side. Other functionality includes compression of trafficbetween front-end and back-end mechanisms using public or proprietarydata compression that can be readily selected and optimized for theparticular content data currently being transported. Similarly,encryption/decryption can be employed between the front-end and back-endmechanisms for enhanced security without impacting either a web serveror a web client that are principles of the transaction. Forward errorcorrection can be used to reduce the quantity of traffic, improvelatency, and/or increase speed of the transport between front-end andback-end components.

A second set of inventions relates to performance and functionalityimprovements enabled by implementing the front-end and back-endmechanisms as dynamically re-configurable elements. This second class ofinventions enables multiple front-ends to connect with and servicemultiple back-ends and/or one or more web servers or web sites. Theseinventions also include the ability for one front-end to servicemultiple back-ends and by extension multiple web servers or web sites.Similarly, one front-end can service multiple web servers or contentproviders directly.

A third set of inventions involves the ability to dynamically negotiatethe network type (and device type) and select the appropriate congestioncontrol algorithm for that particular network which could include but isnot limited to 3G (CDMA, GSM, TDMA), 4G (LTE, WiMAX), satellite or WiFi(802.11x). Each network type has unique characteristics which canrequire different algorithms to best handle that network. By negotiatingthis via a peer to peer exchange of information, a more efficientchannel will be created.

In one aspect, the present invention involves a system for multiplexingdata from a plurality of links or channels onto a shared bandwidthchannel. The plurality of links may be fixed-bandwidth links, or maythemselves be shared bandwidth links. The plurality of links maycomprise a homogenous user-level protocol, such as HTTP, or may comprisea variety of user level protocols such as HTTP, FTP, NNTP, SMTP and thelike. The plurality of links may similarly comprise homogenousnetwork-layer and/or physical layer protocols, or may comprise a variedset of network-layer and physical layer protocols.

The shared bandwidth channel allows a variety of services to beprovided. Some advantages are achieved simply by multiplexing multiplelinks onto a single channel. This combination enables the single channelto be persistent thereby avoiding overhead associated with setting up,maintaining and breaking down connections that would otherwise berequired of each the multiple links. The single shared channel can alsoinclude more information than the protocols of the plurality of linksallow such as time synchronization information and quality of serviceinformation.

In a particular embodiment, the shared bandwidth channel transportspackets that are composed by selecting data from the plurality of linksin an order and rate determined to provide differential levels ofservice between packets. The differential service levels may mean thatsome of the data are transported with lower latency and/or higherquality of service than other data. The criteria for providingdifferential levels of service are not limited, but in particularembodiments are based on content type, user identity, user history, andsession statistics.

The present invention is illustrated and described in terms of adistributed computing environment such as an enterprise computing systemusing public communication channels such as the Internet. However, animportant feature of the present invention is that it is readily scaledupwardly and downwardly to meet the needs of a particular application.Accordingly, unless specified to the contrary, the present invention isapplicable to significantly larger, more complex network environments,including wireless network environments, as well as small networkenvironments such as conventional LAN systems.

The present invention is particularly useful in applications where thereis a large amount of data communicated between web servers and webclients (i.e., browser software) or where timeliness (e.g., low latencytransport) is important. For example, real-time stock quotes,multi-player games, multi-tiered service to ASP (application serviceprovider) software distribution models benefit from the improvementsprovided by the present invention. Although the present invention willbe described in terms of particular applications, these examples areprovided to enhance understanding and are not a limitation of theessential teachings of the present invention.

For purposes of this document, a web server is a computer running serversoftware coupled to the World Wide Web (i.e., “the web”) that deliversor serves web pages. The web server may have a unique IP address and beconfigured to accept connections in order to service requests by sendingback responses. A web server differs from a proxy server or a gatewayserver in that a web server has resident a set of resources (i.e.,software programs, data storage capacity, and/or hardware) that enableit to execute programs to provide an extensible range of functionalitysuch as generating web pages, accessing remote network resources,analyzing contents of packets, reformatting request/response traffic andthe like using the resident resources. In contrast, a proxy simplyforwards request/response traffic on behalf of a client to resourcesthat reside elsewhere, or obtains resources from a local cache ifimplemented. A web server in accordance with the present invention mayreference external resources of the same or different type as theservices requested by a user, and reformat and augment what is providedby the external resources in its response to the user. Commerciallyavailable web server software includes Microsoft Internet InformationServer (IIS), Netscape Netsite, Apache, among others. Alternatively, aweb site may be implemented with custom or semi-custom software thatsupports HTTP traffic.

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary computing environment 100 in which the presentinvention may be implemented. Environment 100 includes a plurality oflocal networks such as Ethernet network 102, FDDI network 103 and TokenRing network 104. Essentially, a number of computing devices and groupsof devices are interconnected through a network 101. For example, localnetworks 102, 103 and 104 are each coupled to network 101 throughrouters 109. LANs 102, 103 and 104 may be implemented using anyavailable topology and may implement one or more server technologiesincluding, for example UNIX, Novell, or Windows NT networks, orpeer-to-peer type network. Each network will include distributed storageimplemented in each device and typically includes some mass storagedevice coupled to or managed by a server computer. Network 101comprises, for example, a public network such as the Internet or anothernetwork mechanism such as a fiber channel fabric or conventional WANtechnologies.

Local networks 102, 103 and 104 include one or more network appliances107. One or more network appliances 107 may be configured as anapplication and/or file server. Each local network 102, 103 and 104 mayinclude a number of shared devices (not shown) such as printers, fileservers, mass storage and the like. Similarly, devices 111 may be sharedthrough network 101 to provide application and file services, directoryservices, printing, storage, and the like. Routers 109 provide aphysical connection between the various devices through network 101.Routers 109 may implement desired access and security protocols tomanage access through network 101.

Network appliances 107 may also couple to network 101 through publicswitched telephone network 108 using copper or wireless connectiontechnology. In a typical environment, an Internet service provider 106supports a connection to network 101 as well as PSTN 108 connections tonetwork appliances 107.

Network appliances 107 may be implemented as any kind of networkappliance having sufficient computational function to execute softwareneeded to establish and use a connection to network 101. Networkappliances 107 may comprise workstation and personal computer hardwareexecuting commercial operating systems such as UNIX variants, MicrosoftWindows, Macintosh OS, and the like. At the same time, some appliances107 comprise portable or handheld devices using wireless connectionsthrough a wireless access provider. Such wireless communication devicesmay comprise, but are not limited to, personal digital assistants andcell phones, personal computers (whether of the laptop, desktop or othervariety), and tablets or other devices. Such devices may include awireless communication or may be modified with such an interface (suchas via a USB add-on wireless communication interface). The configurationof such devices may vary. In one embodiment, such a wirelesscommunication device includes at least one processor or controller, atleast one memory configured to store data, at least one display, atleast one user input, and a wireless communication interface. Theprocessor or controller may be configured to execute mobile or embeddedoperating system software, such as Android, Apple iOS PalmOS, Windows,EPOCOS, and the like. The at least one display may comprise or includean electronic video display such as an LED, LCD or similar display. Theat least one user input may comprise a touch screen, one or morebuttons, a keypad, a joystick or other devices now known or laterdeveloped for accepting input from a user of the device. The wirelesscommunication interface is preferably configured to transmit and receivedata over one or more wireless communication links. The wirelesscommunication links may vary, such as utilizing cellular standards suchas 3G and 4G, including GSM, TDMA, CDMA, EDGE, GPRS, LTE and WiMAX(and/or other standards now known or later developed) or other standardssuch as 802.11xx, including Bluetooth. As detailed below, in oneembodiment, the wireless communication device may be configured to havea standard, base or normal configuration in which data is transmittedand received in packets of a first type, such as TCP. In accordance withthe present invention, as detailed below, at one or more times, thewireless communication device is preferably configured to have amodified or enhanced configuration in which it is capable oftransmitting and/or receiving data in packets of a second type.

Moreover, the present invention is readily extended to network devicessuch as office equipment, vehicles, and personal communicators that makeoccasional connection through network 101.

Each of the devices shown in FIG. 1 may include memory, mass storage,and a degree of data processing capability (e.g. one or more processors)sufficient to manage their connection to network 101. The computerprogram devices in accordance with the present invention are implementedin the memory of the various devices shown in FIG. 1 and enabled by thedata processing capability of the devices shown in FIG. 1. In additionto local memory and storage associated with each device, it is oftendesirable to provide one or more locations of shared storage such asdisk farm (not shown) that provides mass storage capacity beyond what anindividual device can efficiently use and manage. Selected components ofthe present invention may be stored in or implemented in shared massstorage.

The present invention operates in a manner akin to a private network 200implemented within the Internet infrastructure as shown in FIG. 2.Private network 200 enhances communications between a client 205 and aweb site 210 by implementing any of a variety of processes that enhanceefficiency and/or functionality independently of client 205 and/orserver 210. These processes include time synchronization processes,quality of service management processes, compression processes, securityprocesses, and error correction processes.

In the specific examples herein client 205 comprises a network-enabledgraphical user interface such as a web browser. However, the presentinvention is readily extended to client software other than conventionalweb browser software. Any client application that can access a standardor proprietary user level protocol for network access is a suitableequivalent. Examples include client applications for file transferprotocol (FTP) services, voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) services,network news protocol (NNTP) services, multi-purpose internet mailextensions (MIME) services, post office protocol (POP) services, simplemail transfer protocol (SMTP) services, as well as Telnet services. Inaddition to network protocols, the client application may access anetwork application such as a database management system (DBMS) in whichcase the client application generates query language (e.g., structuredquery language or “SQL”) messages. In wireless appliances, a clientapplication may communicate via a wireless application protocol or thelike.

For convenience, the term “web site” is used interchangeably with “webserver” in the description herein although it should be understood thata web site comprises a collection of content, programs and processesimplemented on one or more web servers. A web site is owned by thecontent provider such as an e-commerce vendor whereas a web serverrefers to set of programs running on one or more machines coupled to anInternet node. The web site 210 may be hosted on the site owner's ownweb server, or hosted on a web server owned by a third party. A webhosting center is an entity that implements one or more web sites on oneor more web servers using shared hardware and software resources acrossthe multiple web sites. In a typical web infrastructure, there are manyweb browsers, each of which has a TCP connection to the web server inwhich a particular web site is implemented. The present invention addstwo components to the infrastructure: a front-end 201 and back-end 203.Front-end 201 and back-end 203 are coupled by a managed datacommunication link 202 that forms, in essence, a private network.

Front-end mechanism 201 serves as an access point for client-sidecommunications. In the process of translating a requested domain nameinto an IP address of a particular server hosting the requested domainname, mechanisms described in reference to FIG. 3 operate to select aparticular front-end mechanism 201. In effect, the domain is dynamicallyassigned to the selected front-end mechanism. More than one front-end201 may host a single domain. So long as a client 205 associates thedomain name with the IP address of the selected front-end 201, allclient requests to the domain will be routed to the selected front-end201.

Front-end mechanism 201 implements a set of processes in the dynamicallyassigned domain that implement a gateway that functions as a substitutefor the web server(s) implementing web site 210 (i.e., from theperspective of client 205, front-end 201 appears to be the web site210). Front-end 201 comprises, for example, a computer that sits “close”to clients 205. By “close”, it is meant that the average latencyassociated with a connection between a client 205 and a front-end 201 isless than the average latency associated with a connection between aclient 205 and a web site 210. Desirably, front-end computers have asfast a connection as possible to the clients 205. For example, thefastest available connection may be implemented in a point of presence(POP) of an Internet service provider (ISP) 106 used by a particularclient 205. However, the placement of the front-ends 201 can limit thenumber of browsers that can use them. Because of this, in someapplications it is more practical to place one front-end computer insuch a way that several POPs can connect to it. Greater distance betweenfront-end 201 and clients 205 may be desirable in some applications asthis distance will allow for selection amongst a greater numberfront-ends 201 and thereby provide significantly different routes to aparticular back-end 203. This may offer benefits when particular routesand/or front-ends become congested or otherwise unavailable.

The managed communication link 202 is implemented by cooperative actionsof the front-end 201 and back-end 203. The back-end 203 processes anddirects data communication to and from web site 210. In preferredembodiments, the communication link 202 communicates data packets usinga proprietary protocol called transport morphing Protocol™ or TMP™.Thus, the managed communication link 202 may also be referred to as aTMP link. Transport morphing protocol and TMP are trademarks orregistered trademarks of Circadence Corporation in the United States andother countries. TMP is implemented over the public Internetinfrastructure in the particular example. Hence, the present inventiondoes not require heavy infrastructure investments and automaticallybenefits from improvements implemented in the general purpose network101. Unlike the general purpose Internet, front-end 201 and back-end 203are programmably assigned to serve accesses to a particular web site 210at any given time.

It is contemplated that any number of front-end and back-end mechanismsmay be implemented cooperatively to support the desired level of servicerequired by the web site owner. The present invention implements amany-to-many mapping of front-ends to back-ends. Because the front-endto back-end mappings can be dynamically changed, a fixed hardwareinfrastructure can be logically reconfigured to map more or fewerfront-ends to more or fewer back-ends and web sites or servers asneeded.

Front-end 201 together with back-end 203 function to reduce trafficacross the TMP link 202 and to improve response time for selectedbrowsers. Traffic across the TMP link 202 is reduced, for example, bycompressing data. Compression can be implemented using any availablecompression mechanism and may operate on a packet-by-packet level or byassembling data from multiple packets to compress across a larger dataset. Although compression may be applied equally to all data, it isknown that some types of data do not benefit from compression. It isalso known that certain compression mechanisms and algorithms are bettersuited for particular types of data. Accordingly, the present inventioncontemplates the dynamic selection of a compression mechanism based onthe type of data being processed. For example, HTML data, which makes upa large proportion of web-based traffic, typically includes ASCII textwhich is known to compress well using, for example, compressed HTMLmechanisms. Encrypted data, however, often does not compress well.Accordingly, the present invention may be implemented to applycompressed HTML techniques to HTML packets while passing encryptedpackets (e.g., packets using a secure HTTP scheme) without attemptingencryption. So long as front-end 201 and back-end 203 share a commonsemantic for performing the compression/decompression processes, anyavailable algorithm may be implemented.

Encryption processes are largely analogous to compression processes inthat they may be implemented by a number of available cipher algorithmsand mechanisms including stream ciphers and block ciphers providingvarious levels of data security. It usually is not valuable to encryptdata that is already encrypted, hence it is contemplated that encryptionmay be selectively applied. Moreover, a vast majority of datatransferred in many applications does not require encryption at all. Theparticular encryption mechanism used by the front-end 201 and back-end203 can be selected based upon the type of data, or designated on afile-by-file basis by a manager of server 210, for example. Front-end201 and back-end 203 must share a common encryption/decryption semantic,however.

In one embodiment, front-end 201 and back-end 203 share operationalinformation such as time synchronization and quality of service metricswith each other. This information is readily communicated by speciallydesignated packets transmitted on TMP link 202, and/or by including aportion of each TMP packet that is used to exchange this operationalinformation. Traffic across link 202 is preferably managed byselectively transmitting packets at a rate determined to provideadequate quality of service and suitable packet delivery time using thisknowledge shared between the front-end 201 and back-end 203. Optionally,this operational information can be shared with processes running onclient 205 and/or server 210 as well, although such sharing wouldrequire special configuration of client 205 and/or server 210 and is notrequired to achieve the benefits of the present invention.

Traffic may be further reduced by using forward error correction (FEC)techniques to compensate for lossy connections. A variety of FECtechniques are known that add various amounts of overhead to thetraffic. The selection of a particular method depends on the quality ofservice (i.e., transit times and packet loss rate and/or bit error rate)of the communication channel being used. In one implementation, astatically defined FEC mechanism can be implemented between front-end201 and back-end 203 based on average or worst-case quality of service(QoS). However, because both front-end 201 and back-end 203 haveknowledge of the QoS metrics of each other and are time synchronized, itis contemplated that the FEC mechanisms can be adaptive to current QoSmetrics. For example, a data packets may be encoded with a 1-bit/byteerror correction code during times of high QoS, and dynamically changedto a 3-bit/byte or 4-bit/byte error correction (or higher) encoding whenQoS degrades. So long as front-end 201 and back-end 203 share a commonsemantic for handling the FEC processes, the actual implementation ofthose processes is very flexible and can be dynamically defined.

The blending of request datagrams results in fewer request:acknowledgepairs across the TMP link 202 as compared to the number required to sendthe packets individually between front-end 201 and back-end 203. Thisaction reduces the overhead associated with transporting a given amountof data, although conventional request:acknowledge traffic is stillperformed on the links coupling the front-end 201 to client 205 andback-end 203 to a web server. Moreover, resend traffic is significantlyreduced further reducing the traffic. Response time is further improvedfor select privileged users and for specially marked resources bydetermining the priority for each HTTP transmission.

In one embodiment, front-end 201 and back-end 203 are closely coupled tothe Internet backbone. This means they have high bandwidth connections,can expect fewer hops, and have more predictable packet transit timethan could be expected from a general-purpose connection. Although it ispreferable to have low latency connections between front-ends 201 andback-ends 203, a particular strength of the present invention is itsability to deal with latency by enabling efficient transport and trafficprioritization. Hence, in other embodiments front-end 201 and/orback-end 203 may be located farther from the Internet backbone andcloser to clients 205 and/or web servers 210. Such an implementationreduces the number of hops required to reach a front-end 201 whileincreasing the number of hops within the TMP link 202 thereby yieldingcontrol over more of the transport path to the management mechanisms ofthe present invention.

Clients 205 no longer conduct all data transactions directly with theweb server 210. Instead, clients 205 conduct some and preferably amajority of transactions with front-ends 201, which simulate thefunctions of web server 210. Client data is then sent, using TMP link202, to the back-end 203 and then to the web server 210. Runningmultiple clients 205 over one large connection provides severaladvantages:

-   -   Since all client data is mixed, each client can be assigned a        priority. Higher priority clients, or clients requesting higher        priority data, can be given preferential access to network        resources so they receive access to the channel sooner while        ensuring low-priority clients receive sufficient service to meet        their needs.    -   The large connection between a front-end 201 and back-end 203        can be permanently maintained, shortening the many TCP/IP        connection sequences normally required for many clients        connecting and disconnecting. Historical knowledge of the long        term connection also allows for more intelligent recognition of        the bandwidth capabilities and characteristics of the network.    -   Services such as encryption, compression, error correction and        time synchronization that may not be available or efficiently        implemented in particular clients 205 can be practically        implemented in TMP link where the resources required to provide        these services are shared across multiple clients 205.

Using a proprietary protocol allows the use of more effective techniquesto improve data throughput and makes better use of existing bandwidthduring periods when the network is congested.

A particular advantage of the architecture shown in FIG. 2 is that it isreadily scaled. Any number of client machines 205 may be supported. In asimilar manner, a web site owner may choose to implement a site usingmultiple web servers 210 that are co-located or distributed throughoutnetwork 101. To avoid congestion, additional front-ends 201 may beimplemented or assigned to particular web sites. Each front-end 201 isdynamically re-configurable by updating address parameters to serveparticular web sites. Client traffic is dynamically directed toavailable front-ends 201 to provide load balancing. Hence, when qualityof service drops because of a large number of client accesses, anadditional front-end 201 can be assigned to the web site and subsequentclient requests directed to the newly assigned front-end 201 todistribute traffic across a broader base.

In the particular examples, this is implemented by a front-end managercomponent 207 that communicates with multiple front-ends 201 to provideadministrative and configuration information to front-ends 201. Eachfront-end 201 includes data structures for storing the configurationinformation, including information identifying the IP addresses of webservers 210 to which they are currently assigned. Other administrativeand configuration information stored in front-end 201 may includeinformation for prioritizing data from and to particular clients,quality of service information, and the like.

Similarly, additional back-ends 203 can be assigned to a web site tohandle increased traffic. Back-end manager component 209 couples to oneor more back-ends 203 to provide centralized administration andconfiguration service. Back-ends 203 include data structures to holdcurrent configuration state, quality of service information and thelike. In the particular examples a front-end manager 207 and a back-endmanager 209 serve multiple web sites 210 and so are able to manipulatethe number of front-ends and back-ends assigned to each web site 210 byupdating this configuration information. When the congestion for thesite subsides, the front-end 201 and back-end 203 can be reassigned toother, busier web sites. These and similar modifications are equivalentto the specific examples illustrated herein.

In the case of web-based environments, front-end 201 is implementedusing custom or off-the-shelf web server software. Front-end 201 isreadily extended to support other, non-web-based protocols, however, andmay support multiple protocols for varieties of client traffic.Front-end 201 processes the data traffic it receives, regardless of theprotocol of that traffic, to a form suitable for transport by link 202to a back-end 203. Hence, most of the functionality implemented byfront-end 201 is independent of the protocol or format of the datareceived from a client 205. Hence, although the discussion of theexemplary embodiments herein relates primarily to front-end 201implemented as a web server, it should be noted that, unless specifiedto the contrary, web-based traffic management and protocols are merelyexamples and not a limitation of the present invention.

As shown in FIG. 2, in accordance with the present invention a web siteis implemented using an originating web server 210 operatingcooperatively with the web server of front-end 201. More generally, anynetwork service (e.g., FTP, VoIP, NNTP, MIME, SMTP, Telnet, DBMS) can beimplemented using a combination of an originating server workingcooperatively with a front-end 201 configured to provide a suitableinterface (e.g., FTP, VoIP, NNTP, MIME, SMTP, Telnet, DBMS, WAP) for thedesired service. In contrast to a simple front-end cache or proxysoftware, implementing a server in front-end 201 enables portions of theweb site (or other network service) to actually be implemented in andserved from both locations. The actual web pages or service beingdelivered comprises a composite of the portions generated at eachserver. Significantly, however, the web server in front-end 201 is closeto the browser in a client 205 whereas the originating web server isclose to all resources available at the web hosting center at which website 210 is implemented. In essence the web site 210 is implemented by atiered set of web servers comprising a front-end server 201 standing infront of an originating web server.

This difference enables the web site or other network service to beimplemented so as to take advantage of the unique topological positioneach entity has with respect to the client 205. By way of a particularexample, consider an environment in which the front-end server 201 islocated at the location of an ISP used by a particular set of clients205 and back-end 203 is closely coupled by a private channel to server210. In such an environment, clients 205 can access the front-end server205 without actually traversing the network 101, hence the need forencryption and error correction and time synchronization services arerelaxed with respect to the client-to-front-end link. In such cases theservices provided transparently by enhanced channel 202 aresubstantially a complete substitute for prior services implemented bymodifying client 205 and server 210 themselves.

In order for a client 205 to obtain service from a front-end 201, itmust first be directed to a front-end 201 that can provide the desiredservice. Preferably, client 205 does not need to be aware of thelocation of front-end 201, and initiates all transactions as if it werecontacting the originating server 210. FIG. 3 illustrates a domain nameserver (DNS) redirection mechanism that illustrates how a client 205 isconnected to a front-end 201. The DNS systems is defined in a variety ofInternet Engineering Task Force (IETF) documents such as RFC0883, RFC1034 and RFC 1035 which are incorporated by reference herein. In atypical environment, a client 205 executes a browser 301, TCP/IP stack303, and a resolver 305. For reasons of performance and packaging,browser 301, TCP/IP stack 303 and resolver 305 are often groupedtogether as routines within a single software product.

Browser 301 functions as a graphical user interface to implement userinput/output (I/O) through monitor 311 and associated keyboard, mouse,or other user input device (not shown). Browser 301 is usually used asan interface for web-based applications, but may also be used as aninterface for other applications such as email and network news, as wellas special-purpose applications such as database access, telephony, andthe like. Alternatively, a special-purpose user interface may besubstituted for the more general-purpose browser 301 to handle aparticular application.

TCP/IP stack 303 communicates with browser 301 to convert data betweenformats suitable for browser 301 and IP format suitable for Internettraffic. TCP/IP stack also implements a TCP protocol that managestransmission of packets between client 205 and an Internet serviceprovider (ISP) or equivalent access point. IP protocol requires thateach data packet include, among other things, an IP address identifyinga destination node. In current implementations the IP address comprisesa 32-bit value that identifies a particular Internet node. Non-IPnetworks have similar node addressing mechanisms. To provide a moreuser-friendly addressing system, the Internet implements a system ofdomain name servers that map alpha-numeric domain names to specific IPaddresses. This system enables a name space that is more consistentreference between nodes on the Internet and avoids the need for users toknow network identifiers, addresses, routes and similar information inorder to make a connection.

The domain name service is implemented as a distributed database managedby domain name servers (DNSs) 307 such as DNS_A, DNS_B and DNS_C shownin FIG. 3. Each DNS relies on <domain name:IP> address mapping datastored in master files scattered through the hosts that use the domainsystem. These master files are updated by local system administrators.Master files typically comprise text files that are read by a local nameserver, and hence become available through the name servers 307 to usersof the domain system.

The user programs (e.g., clients 205) access name servers throughstandard programs such as resolver 305. Resolver 305 includes an addressof a DNS 307 that serves as a primary name server. When presented with areference to a domain name (e.g., http://www.circadence.com), resolver305 sends a request to the primary DNS (e.g., DNS_A in FIG. 3). Theprimary DNS 307 returns either the IP address mapped to that domainname, a reference to another DNS 307 which has the mapping information(e.g., DNS_B in FIG. 3), or a partial IP address together with areference to another DNS that has more IP address information. Anynumber of DNS-to-DNS references may be required to completely determinethe IP address mapping.

In this manner, the resolver 305 becomes aware of the IP address mappingwhich is supplied to TCP/IP component 303. Client 205 may cache the IPaddress mapping for future use. TCP/IP component 303 uses the mapping tosupply the correct IP address in packets directed to a particular domainname so that reference to the DNS system need only occur once.

In accordance with the present invention, at least one DNS server 307 isowned and controlled by system components of the present invention. Whena user accesses a network resource (e.g., a web site), browser 301contacts the public DNS system to resolve the requested domain name intoits related IP address in a conventional manner. In a first embodiment,the public DNS performs a conventional DNS resolution directing thebrowser to an originating server 210 and server 210 performs aredirection of the browser to the system owned DNS server (i.e., DNC_Cin FIG. 3). In a second embodiment, domain:address mappings within theDNS system are modified such that resolution of the of the originatingserver's domain automatically return the address of the system-owned DNSserver (DNS_C). Once a browser is redirected to the system-owned DNSserver, it begins a process of further redirecting the browser 301 tothe best available front-end 201.

Unlike a conventional DNS server, however, the system-owned DNS_C inFIG. 3 receives domain:address mapping information from a redirectorcomponent 309. Redirector 309 is in communication with front-end manager207 and back-end manager 209 to obtain information on current front-endand back-end assignments to a particular server 210. A conventional DNSis intended to be updated infrequently by reference to its associatedmaster file. In contrast, the master file associated with DNS_C isdynamically updated by redirector 309 to reflect current assignment offront-end 201 and back-end 203. In operation, a reference to web server210 (e.g., http://www.circadence.com) may result in an IP addressreturned from DNS_C that points to any selected front-end 201 that iscurrently assigned to web site 210. Likewise, web site 210 may identifya currently assigned back-end 203 by direct or indirect reference toDNS_C.

Front-end 201 typically receives information directly from front-endmanager 207 about the address of currently assigned back-ends 203.Similarly, back-end 203 is aware of the address of a front-end 201associated with each data packet. Hence, reference to the domain systemis not required to map a front-end 201 to its appropriate back-end 203.

FIG. 4 illustrates principle functional components of an exemplaryfront-end 201 in greater detail. Primary functions of the front-end 201include translating transmission control protocol (TCP) packets fromclient 205 into TMP packets used in the system in accordance with thepresent invention. It is contemplated that various functions describedin reference to the specific examples may be implemented using a varietyof data structures and programs operating at any location in adistributed network. For example, a front-end 201 may be operated on anetwork appliance 107 or server within a particular network 102, 103, or104 shown in FIG. 1.

TCP component 401 includes devices for implementing physical connectionlayer and Internet protocol (IP) layer functionality. Current IPstandards are described in IETF documents RFC0791, RFC0950, RFC0919,RFC0922, RFC792, RFC1112 that are incorporated by reference herein. Forease of description and understanding, these mechanisms are notdescribed in great detail herein. Where protocols other than TCP/IP areused to couple to a client 205, TCP component 401 is replaced oraugmented with an appropriate network protocol process.

TCP component 401 communicates TCP packets with one or more clients 205.Received packets are coupled to parser 402 where the Internet protocol(or equivalent) information is extracted. TCP is described in IETFRFC0793 which is incorporated herein by reference. Each TCP packetincludes header information that indicates addressing and controlvariables, and a payload portion that holds the user-level data beingtransported by the TCP packet. The user-level data in the payloadportion typically comprises a user-level network protocol datagram.

Parser 402 analyzes the payload portion of the TCP packet. In theexamples herein, HTTP is employed as the user-level protocol because ofits widespread use and the advantage that currently available browsersoftware is able to readily use the HTTP protocol. In this case, parser402 comprises an HTTP parser. More generally, parser 402 can beimplemented as any parser-type logic implemented in hardware or softwarefor interpreting the contents of the payload portion. Parser 402 mayimplement file transfer protocol (FTP), mail protocols such as simplemail transport protocol (SMTP), structured query language (SQL) and thelike. Any user-level protocol, including proprietary protocols, may beimplemented within the present invention using appropriate modificationof parser 402.

To improve performance, front-end 201 optionally includes a cachingmechanism 403. Cache 403 may be implemented as a passive cache thatstores frequently and/or recently accessed web pages or as an activecache that stores network resources that are anticipated to be accessed.In non-web applications, cache 403 may be used to store any form of datarepresenting database contents, files, program code, and otherinformation. Upon receipt of a TCP packet, HTTP parser 402 determines ifthe packet is making a request for data within cache 403. If the requestcan be satisfied from cache 403, the data is supplied directly withoutreference to web server 210 (i.e., a cache hit). Cache 403 implementsany of a range of management functions for maintaining fresh content.For example, cache 403 may invalidate portions of the cached contentafter an expiration period specified with the cached data or by websever 210. Also, cache 403 may proactively update the cache contentseven before a request is received for particularly important orfrequently used data from web server 210. Cache 403 evicts informationusing any desired algorithm such as least recently used, leastfrequently used, first in/first out, or random eviction. When therequested data is not within cache 403, a request is processed to webserver 210, and the returned data may be stored in cache 403.

Several types of packets will cause parser 404 to forward a requesttowards web server 210. For example, a request for data that is notwithin cache 403 (or if optional cache 403 is not implemented) willrequire a reference to web server 210. Some packets will comprise datathat must be supplied to web server 210 (e.g., customer creditinformation, form data and the like). In these instances, HTTP parser402 couples to data blender 404.

In accordance with the present invention, front-end 201 implementssecurity processes, compression processes, encryption processes, errorcorrection processes and the like to condition the received data forimproved transport performance and/or provide additional functionality.These processes may be implemented within pre-processing unit 408, oralternatively implemented within any of the functional components withinfront-end 201. Also, front-end 201 may implement a prioritizationprogram to identify packets that should be given higher priorityservice. A prioritization program requires only that front-end 201include a data structure associating particular clients 205 orparticular TCP packet types or contents with a prioritization value.Based on the prioritization value, parser 402 may selectively implementsuch features as caching, encryption, security, compression, errorcorrection and the like to improve performance and/or functionality. Theprioritization value is provided by the owners of web site 210, forexample, and may be dynamically altered, statically set, or updated fromtime to time to meet the needs of a particular application.

Blender 404 slices and/or coalesces the data portions of the receivedpackets into a more desirable “TMP data units” that are sized fortransport through the TMP link 202. The data portion of TCP packets mayrange in size depending on client 205 and any intervening links couplingclient 205 to TCP component 401. Moreover, where compression is applied,the compressed data will vary in size depending on the compressibilityof the data. Data blender 404 receives information from front-endmanager 217 that enables selection of a preferable TMP packet size.Alternatively, a fixed TMP packet size can be set that yields desirableperformance across TMP link 202. Data blender 404 also marks the TMPdata units so that they can be re-assembled at the receiving end. Datablender 404 may also serve as a buffer for storing packets from allappliances 107 that are associated with front-end 201. In accordancewith the present invention, data blender 404 may associate aprioritization value with each packet.

TMP link utilizes a TMP protocol, described in greater detailhereinbelow, to communicate TMP packets. Received TMP packets includesubpackets from multiple TCP connections. The data portions ofsubpackets are reassembled by reassemble mechanism 406 into a formsuitable for return to the requesting client 205. For example, in anHTTP environment reassemble mechanism 406 creates HTTP response payloadsakin to what would have been generated by an origin server 210.

Postprocessing mechanism 407 performs decompression, decryption, forwarderror correction and the like on packets received from a back-end 203.As described hereinafter with respect to FIG. 5, back-end 203 preferablyincludes pre-processing mechanisms 508 that are analogous topre-processing mechanisms 408. Hence, post-processing mechanisms 407restore the data to a form usable by a client 205 without additionalprocessing. Accordingly, client 205 need not implement any of thepre-processing or post processing functions while still realizing thebenefits of these processes.

FIG. 5 illustrates principle functional components of an exemplaryback-end 203 in greater detail. Primary functions of the back-end 203include translating transmission control protocol (TCP) packets from webserver 210 into TMP packets as well as translating TMP packets receivedfrom a front-end 201 into the one or more corresponding TCP packets tobe send to server 210. Further, back-end 203 is able to implementsimilar or complementary functionality to that of front-end 203. In thismanner, back-end 203 can operate as a web server to retrieve content andgenerate web pages, analyze and reformat web pages and components withinweb pages, and similar server functionality that would conventionally beimplemented in a server 210. In general, any functionality and behaviordescribed herein that can be implemented on server 210 and/or front-endserver 201 can also be implemented on back-end server 203.

TMP unit 505 receives TMP packets from TMP link 202 and passes them toHTTP reassemble unit 507 where they are reassembled into thecorresponding TCP packets. Data filter 506 may implement otherfunctionality such as decompression, decryption, and the like to meetthe needs of a particular application. The reassembled data is forwardedto TCP component 501 for communication with web server 210.

TCP data generated by the web server process are transmitted to TCPcomponent 501 and forwarded to HTTP parse mechanism 502. Parser 502operates in a manner analogous to parser 402 shown in FIG. 5 to extractthe data portion from the received TCP packets. Pre-processing mechanism508 and post-processing mechanism 507 operate in an analogous fashion tocomponents 407 and 408 to perform compression, encryption, errorcorrection, and the like, and forward those packets to data blender 504.Data blender 504 operates in a manner akin to data blender 404 shown inFIG. 5 to buffer and prioritize packets in a manner that is efficientfor TMP transfer. Priority information is received by, for example,back-end manager 209 based upon criteria established by the web siteowner. TMP data is streamed into TMP unit 505 for communication on TMPlink 202.

In an exemplary implementation, illustrated in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7, a “TMPconnection” comprises a plurality of “TCP connection buffers”, logicallyarranged in multiple “rings”. Each TCP socket 701 maintained between thefront-end 201 and a client 205 corresponds to a TCP connection buffer702. Pre-processing 408 is performed on the TCP connection buffer datato provide, for example, data compression, encryption, and/or errorcorrection coding before the data is placed in the corresponding TCPconnection buffer 702.

When a TCP connection buffer 702 is created, it is assigned a priority.For purposes of the present invention, any algorithm or criteria may beused to assign a priority. Each priority ring is associated with anumber of TCP connection buffers having similar priority. In a specificexample, five priority levels are defined corresponding to five priorityrings. Each priority ring is characterized by the number of connectionbuffers it holds (nSockets), the number of connection buffers it holdsthat have data waiting to be sent (nReady) and the total number of bytesof data in all the connection buffers that it holds (nBytes).

A TCP connection buffer 702 is created and placing one or morepreprocessed packets from a TCP socket 701 within the TCP connectionbuffer 702. A TCP connection buffer 702 is sized to hold a plurality ofTCP packets and each TCP connection buffer 702 is associated with apriority value. The priority value is assigned when TCP connectionbuffer 702 is first created and may be dynamically changed in operation.

When sending data, blender 404 performs a series of processes outlinedin FIG. 6 that access data from the TCP connection buffers 702 to formTMP data units 705 that are transmitted. The processes performed byblender 404 include:

In step 602, determine the number of bytes available to be sent fromeach ring (nBytes), and the number of TCP connections that are ready tosend (nReady)

In step 603, determine how many bytes should be sent from each ring.This is based on a weight parameter for each priority. The weight can bethought of as the number of bytes that should be sent at each prioritythis time through the loop.

The nSend value computed in the previous step 603 reflects the weightedproportion that each ring will have in a blended TMP packet, but thevalues of nSend do not reflect how many bytes need to be selected toactually empty most or all of the data waiting to be sent a singleround. To do this, the nSend value is normalized to the ring having themost data waiting (e.g., nBytes=nSendNorm) in step 604. This involves acalculation of a factor: S=nBytes/(Weight*nReady) for the ring with thegreatest nReady. Then, for each ring, calculate nReady*S*Weight to getthe normalized value (nSendNorm) for each priority ring.

In step 605, sub-packets are sent from the different rings. This isdone, for example, by taking a sub-packet from the highest priority ringand adding it to a TMP packet, then adding a sub-packet from each of thetop two queues, then the top three, and so on. A variety of algorithmsmay be used to select particular sub-packets from the different rings toimplement a desired level of fairness, prioritization, and quality ofservice.

Referring to step 606, within each ring, sub-packets are added roundrobin. When a sub-packet is added from a TCP connection buffer the ringis rotated so the next sub-packet the ring adds will come from adifferent TCP connection buffer. Each sub-packet can be up to 512 bytesin a particular example. If the connection buffer has less than 512bytes waiting, the data available is added to the TMP packet.

In step 607, when a full TMP packet (roughly 1.5 kB in a particularexample) is built, it is sent. This can have three or more sub packets,depending on their size. The TMP packet will also be sent when there isno more data ready.

TMP unit 405 (shown in FIG. 4) and TMP unit 505 (shown in FIG. 5)implement the TMP protocol that communicates packets between front-end201 and back-end 203. The protocol is rides on top of universal datagramprotocol (UDP) in that network devices that handle TMP packets treatthem as UDP packets. However, TMP packets differ from standard UDPpackets in that they have additional unique header data defining aunique set of messages, outlined below, to support the TMPfunctionality. Also, the manner in which TMP packets are transferredonto the physical communication channel, referred to as the protocolbehavior, differs significantly from TCP.

TMP packets have a header that contains packet control information. SomeTMP packets also carry extra information in a data or payload portion.The packet control information includes, for example:

-   -   A connection number (that identifies the connection to which it        belongs)    -   A checksum for data integrity    -   A set of flags (which may be used or remain unused) for a        variety of purposes    -   A message type identifier    -   The confirmed message type

The rest of the packet header contains information or data which candiffer between packets, depending on the message type.

A short list of messages that can be sent by the TMP protocol includes:data, acknowledgments, connection requests and replies, timesynchronization requests and replies, resent data, control messages, QoSmessages, status requests and replies, suspend messages, and alerts.Packet header content which is specific to the message type is asfollows.

-   -   Acknowledgment        -   The last sequential confirmed sequence message        -   The confirmed message sequence number(s) or set of confirmed            message sequence numbers    -   Time Synchronization Request        -   Requester time index    -   Time Synchronization Reply        -   The time that the request was received        -   The time that the reply was sent        -   Requester time index    -   Connection Request        -   The connections index (zero for a new connection)        -   Requested receiving port        -   An additional set of flags (which may be used or unused) for            a variety of purposes    -   Connection Reply        -   The replier's base time        -   A time offset from the point of receiving the request in            milliseconds        -   The connections index (zero for a new connection)        -   An additional set of flags (which may be used or unused) for            a variety of purposes    -   Data        -   Data sequence number        -   Time that the message was sent

The rest of the packet comprises the packet body or payload portion.Alert and Acknowledge packets do not have bodies. All other packetscontain bodies that carry additional information appropriate to themessage itself (for example, a data packet will send the data itself).

It is important to note that alerts and QoS information are built intothe protocol and do not need to be passed as data packets. Since thesetypes of information are not built into TCP they would need to be sentas data, which might affect the application using the protocol. Thismeans that the receiving end needs to process the packet only once todraw out the information it requires. In contrast, when QoS informationis sent as a data packet in TCP, the receiving end has to process thepacket as a data packet simply to get to the information that allows thealert or QoS information to be processed, which means that TCP mustdouble the amount of processing for alerts and QoS information.

Of particular interest in the present invention, the exchange of timesynchronization information 707 enables front-end 201 and back-end 203to have a common time base and ascertain the time of issue of anyreceived packet. While the current implementation does not include basetime or time index data in the header of data packets, this informationcan readily be included in all message types, a subset of message types,and/or in a special message type defined for real-time data transport.In this manner, the recipient of a TMP packet knows with a high level ofcertainty when a received packet was transmitted, something thatexisting Internet protocols do not provide. In the case of TMP packetsfrom a back-end 203 to a front-end 201, the information can be used bythe front-end 201 as a factor in ordering responses to clients 205. Inthe case of TMP packets from a back-end 203 to a front-end 201, theinformation can be used by the front-end 203 as a factor in orderingresponses to clients 205.

Rather than synchronizing clocks the front-end 201 and back-end 203(i.e., absolute time synchronization), the time synchronizationinformation 707 may indicate a differential between the clocks of thetwo machines (i.e., relative time synchronization). Relative timesynchronization can be used substantially equivalently to informationthat would allow actual synchronization of the clocks. Accordingly,“time synchronization” and “time synchronized” refer inclusively to bothabsolute and relative time synchronization methods.

The time synchronization information 707 augments or replaces the “timeto live” feature of conventional IP packets. Each IP packet specifies atime to live value that must be decremented by each router or devicethat handles the packet. As the time value can only be incremented inone-second units, the value becomes a hop count rather than an actualtiming function. When a packet's time to live value is decremented tozero, it is discarded and must be retransmitted. In accordance with thepresent invention, the time to live value for TMP packets can be usedmore meaningfully as the recipient knows when the packet was actuallysent and can set or reset the time to live value to a meaningful valuewhen the packet leaves a front-end 201 or back-end 203.

As in all protocols, the messages in TMP have an order in which they aresent as well as particular defined situations in which they are sent. Atypical TMP session might begin with a connection request. Forreference, the end point that sends the connection request will bereferred to as the front-end, and the receiver of the request will bereferred to as the back-end, although the TMP protocol operatesbi-directionally between front-ends and back-ends. The front-end 201sends a connection request to the back-end 203, and the back-end 203sends a connection reply back to the front-end 201. This reply will beeither positive (connection accepted), or negative (connection refused).If the reply is positive, then the connection is established and thefront-end and back-end can begin to exchange data.

TMP is a TCP-like protocol adapted to improve performance for multipleconnections operating over a single pipe. The managed communication linkor TMP link in accordance with the present invention provides a stableconnection between two processes for high-speed, reliable, adaptablecommunication. TMP is not merely a substitute for the standard TCPenvironment. TMP is designed to perform particularly well inheterogeneous network environments such as the Internet. TMP connectionsare made less often than TCP connections. Once a TMP connection is made,it remains up unless there is some kind of direct intervention by anadministrator or there is some form of connection-breaking networkerror. This reduces overhead associated with setting up, maintaining andtearing down connections normally associated with TCP.

Another feature of TMP is its ability to channel numerous TCPconnections through a single TMP link 202. The environment in which TMPresides allows multiple TCP connections to occur at one end of thesystem. These TCP connections are then mapped to a single TMPconnection. The TMP connection is then broken down at the other end ofthe TMP link 202 in order to traffic the TCP connections to theirappropriate destinations. TMP includes mechanisms to ensure that eachTMP connection gets enough of the available bandwidth to accommodate themultiple TCP connections that it is carrying.

Another advantage of TMP as compared to traditional protocols is theamount of information about the quality of the connection that a TMPconnection conveys from one end to the other of a TMP link 202. As oftenhappens in a network environment, each end has a great deal ofinformation about the characteristics of the connection in onedirection, but not the other. QoS information 708 is exchanged betweenfront-end 201 and back-end 203 in accordance with the present invention.By knowing about the connection as a whole, TMP can better takeadvantage of the available bandwidth.

A QoS message is sent alone or may be piggybacked on a data packet. Itsends information regarding the connection from one end of theconnection to the other. Both front-end 201 and back-end 203 send QoSmessages. The information in a QoS message is the most up to date thatthe sending end has. That means that if a QoS message is to be resent,the QoS information is updated before it is resent. A QoS message isidentified by the message type flag QoS. In a particular implementation,a QoS message contains:

-   -   16 Bits—Average round trip time (RTT). This indicates the        average round trip time as calculated by this end of the system        over the last time interval, measured in milliseconds.    -   32 Bits—Packets Sent. This indicates the number of packets that        were sent in the last time interval.    -   32 Bits—Packets Received. This indicates the number of packets        that were received in the last time interval.    -   32 Bits—Packets Resent. This indicates the number of packets        that needed to be resent in the last time interval.    -   16 Bits—Window Size. This value indicates the current window        size that one end is operating under. This will allow for a        random sampling of window sizes to be gathered at the other end.    -   16 Bits—Packets in Flight. This value indicates the current        number of packets that one end has sent to the other end without        receiving an acknowledgement. This will allow for a random        sampling of packets in flight to be gathered by the other end.    -   32 Bits—Time Interval. The span of time that the information in        the QOS packet is dealing with. This parameter is measured in        seconds.    -   32 Bits—Duplicate Packets Received. This value indicates the        number of duplicate packets received in the last time interval.

In this manner, both front-end 201 and back-end 203 are aware of notonly their own QoS metrics, but also those of the machine with whichthey are communicating and their shared communication link.

As suggested in FIG. 7, QoS information 708 and time synchronizationinformation 707 can be used by blender 404 to select the order in whichdata is placed into TMP data units 705. Also, QoS information 708 can beused by TMP units 405 and 505 to alter the TMP behavior.

In contrast with conventional TCP mechanisms, the behavior implementedby TMP unit 405 is constantly changing. Because TMP obtains bandwidth tohost a variable number of TCP connections and because TMP is responsiveto information about the variable status of the network, the behavior ofTMP is preferably continuously variable. One of the primary functions ofTMP is being able to act as a conduit for multiple TCP connections. Assuch, a single TMP connection cannot behave in the same manner as asingle TCP connection. For example, imagine that a TMP connection iscarrying 100 TCP connections. At this time, it loses one packet. TCPwould require that the connection bandwidth be cut in half. This is aperformance reduction on 100 connections instead of just on the one thatlost the packet.

Each TCP connection that is passed through the TMP connection must get afair share of the bandwidth, and should not be easily squeezed out bycompeting users of the available bandwidth. To allow this to happen,every TMP connection becomes more aggressive in claiming bandwidth as itaccelerates Like TCP, the bandwidth available to a particular TMPconnection is measured by its window size (i.e., the number ofoutstanding TCP packets that have not yet been acknowledged). Bandwidthis increased by increasing the window size, and relinquished by reducingthe window size. Up to protocol specified limits, each time a packet issuccessfully delivered and acknowledged, the window size is increaseduntil the window size reaches a protocol specified maximum. When apacket is dropped (e.g., no acknowledge received or a resend packetresponse is received), the bandwidth is decreased by backing off thewindow size. TMP also ensures that it becomes more and more resistant tobacking off (as compared to TCP) with each new TCP connection that ithosts. Further, a TMP should not go down to a window size of less thanthe number of TCP connections that it is hosting.

In a particular implementation, every time a TCP connection is added to(or removed from) what is being passed through the TMP connection, theTMP connection behavior is altered. It is this adaptation that ensuressuccessful connections using TMP. Through the use of the adaptivealgorithms discussed above, TMP is able to adapt the amount of bandwidththat it uses. When a new TCP connection is added to the TMP connection,the TMP connection becomes more aggressive to accommodate it. When a TCPconnection is removed from the TMP connection, the TMP connectionbecomes less aggressive.

TMP link 202 provides improved performance in its environment ascompared to conventional TCP channels, but it is recognized that TMPlink 202 resides on the Internet in the preferred implementations.Hence, TMP must live together with many protocols and share the pipeefficiently in order to allow the other protocols fair access to theshared communication bandwidth. Since TMP takes only the amount ofbandwidth that is appropriate for the number of TCP connections that itis hosting (and since it monitors the connection and controls the numberof packets that it puts on the line), TMP will exist cooperatively withTCP traffic. Furthermore, since TMP does a better job at connectionmonitoring than TCP, TMP is better suited to throughput and bandwidthmanagement than TCP.

FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary set of processes 808 implemented bypre-processing units 408 and 508. Some, none, or all processesillustrated in FIG. 8 may be implemented on particular packets asdescribed hereinbefore. Unprocessed payload 801 from a payload portionof a packet are passed to processes 808 that perform encryption,compression, and/or error correction. The actual algorithms used toimplement encryption, compression and/or error correction in anyspecific implementation are a design choice made be to meet the needs ofa particular application. Error correction is preferably forward errorcorrection that adds redundant data to the pre-processed payload so thata recipient can reconstruct the payload portion in the presence of oneor more transmission errors. The amount and format of redundantinformation can be varied dynamically to account for current QoSconditions as reported by, for example, QoS information 708.

FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary set of processes implemented bypost-processing units 407 and 507. Some, none, or all processesillustrated in FIG. 9 may be implemented on particular packets dependingon the corresponding pre-processing performed on the packets.Pre-processed packets are passed to processes that perform decryption,decompression, and/or error correction decoding. The actual algorithmsused in any specific implementation are determined to complement thepre-processing processes. Error correction operates to detect one ormore transmission errors, determine if the detected errors arecorrectable, and when correctable, reforming the corrected payload.Payload portion 903 is essentially a fully-formed payload portion of,for example, an HTTP packet.

Although the invention has been described and illustrated with a certaindegree of particularity, it is understood that the present disclosurehas been made only by way of example, and that numerous changes in thecombination and arrangement of parts can be resorted to by those skilledin the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention,as hereinafter claimed. For example, while devices supporting HTTP datatraffic are used in the examples, the HTTP devices may be replaced oraugmented to support other public and proprietary protocols andlanguages including FTP, NNTP, SMTP, SQL and the like. In suchimplementations the front-end 201 and/or back-end 203 are modified toimplement the desired protocol. Moreover, front-end 201 and back-end 203may support different protocols and languages such that the front-end201 supports, for example, HTTP traffic with a client and the back-endsupports a DBMS protocol such as SQL. Such implementations not onlyprovide the advantages of the present invention, but also enable aclient to access a rich set of network resources with minimal clientsoftware.

An additional aspect of the invention is the use of one or more clientsenhanced with the functionality of a front-end mechanism within anetwork infrastructure or computing environment. These clients arereferred to herein as enhanced clients. In one or more embodiments,these clients may incorporate or include a front-end mechanismimplemented by the software, hardware, or both of the enhanced client.For example, as will be described further below, a client such asdescribed above may be enhanced by including software, hardware, or bothwhich allows the client to include the functionality of a front-endmechanism. Typically, but not always, a client may be enhanced bysoftware alone.

In this manner, a TMP link may be implemented by cooperative actions byenhanced clients and one or more back-ends. Enhanced clients may createa TMP link dynamically. For instance, the TMP link may be created andused only when communicating with particular services on a corporate orother LAN. In this way, the enhanced clients provide network linkacceleration by taking advantage of the TMP link and TMP protocol asdescribed herein. The link acceleration is dynamic in that it may beused when desired or required and not used otherwise. It is noted thatthe benefits described herein (including accelerated communication) ofthe TMP link and TMP protocol be used dynamically by an enhanced client.

FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary network infrastructure having one ormore enhanced clients 1004. As can be seen, the enhanced clients 1004include an internal front-end mechanism 1001 which allows a TMP link 202to be implemented between the enhanced clients and one or more back-ends203. In this manner, the benefits of the TMP link 202 as described abovemay be utilized directly by clients.

As can be seen, a front end manager 207 may communicate with an internalfront-end 1001 of the enhanced clients 1004 to provide administrativeand configuration information to front-ends 201. In this manner, theadministration and configuration of the enhanced clients 1004 may beperformed similar to that of stand alone front-ends, such as thosedescribed above with regard to FIG. 2. In fact it is contemplated that afront end manager 207 may provide administrative and configurationinformation to enhanced clients 1004 and stand alone front-endmechanisms.

Elements of an exemplary enhanced client 1004 having a processor 1008and a memory device 1012 will now be described with regard to FIG. 11.It will be understood that the enhanced client 1004 may my configured inother ways and may include additional components as well. For example,the enhanced client 1004 may comprise one or more processors, memorydevices, displays, input devices, output devices, or a combinationthereof.

As can be seen, the enhanced client 1104 includes an internal front-end1001. The internal front-end 1001 may utilize a TCP component 401 of theenhanced client 1104 such as shown. For example, the internal front-end1001 may utilize one or more devices (such as an Ethernet card forexample) and/or software of an enhanced client 1004 for implementing thephysical connection layer and IP layer functionality for TCP. In oneembodiment, the TCP component 401 may be a network stack of the enhancedclient's operating system. Of course, the internal front-end 1001 mayalso or alternatively utilize its own or an internal TCP component 401.It will be understood that where protocols other than TCP/IP aredesired, the TCP component 401 may be replaced or augmented with anappropriate network control process.

As can be seen, the internal front-end 1001 includes similar componentsof a stand alone front-end mechanism. For instance, the internalfront-end may include a parser 402, a data blender 404, a TMP unit 405,a reassemble mechanism 406, a pre-processing mechanism 408, and apost-processing mechanism 407. The internal front-end 1001 may alsooptionally include a caching mechanism 403 such as described above, toimprove performance. In general, like components of the internalfront-end will perform similar or the same function as the componentsdescribed above with regard to the stand alone front-end mechanism.

To illustrate, similar to a stand alone front-end mechanism, thepre-processing mechanism 408 may implement security processes,compression processes, encryption processes, error connection processes,or the like to condition received data for improved performance andfunctionality. The pre-processing mechanism 408 may also prioritizepackets in some embodiments. The data blender 404 may slice and/orcoalesce the data portions of received packets into TMP data units thatare sized for transport through the TMP unit 405. The data blender 404may receive information that enables selection of a preferable TMPpacket size or a fixed TMP packet size that yields desirable performancemay be set. The data blender 404 may mark TMP data units so they can bereassembled when received, serve as a buffer for storing packets, andmay associate a prioritization value with each packet if desired.

Also, similar to the stand alone front-end mechanism, the reassemblemechanism 406 utilizes the data portions of subpackets in TMP packets toreassemble the data portions into a form suitable for return to arequesting client. The postprocessing mechanism 407 may performdecompression, decryption, error correction and the like on packetsreceived from a back-end mechanism. In this manner, the post-processingmechanism 407 restores the data that may have been compressed,encrypted, or the like by a back-end mechanism. In general, thisrestores the data to a usable form or its form before processing by aback-end mechanism.

As stated above, an enhanced client 1004 includes the functionalityand/or components of a front-end mechanism. In one or more embodiments,this may occur by including one or more instructions executable by theenhanced client 1004 to provide the functionality of a front-endmechanism. In one embodiment, this may occur by implementing an internalfront-end 1001 with one or more instructions stored within or otherwiseaccessible by the enhanced client 1004. For example, one or moreinstructions may be stored on a memory device of the enhanced client1004 or hard wired into the circuitry of the enhanced client's hardware.In one embodiment, the one or more instructions may be machine readablecode installed on an enhanced client 1004 or part of an enhancedclient's operating system. It is noted that the one or more instructionsmay be configured to implement one or more or all of the components ofan internal front-end 1001 as described above to provide thefunctionality of a front-end mechanism.

In one embodiment, the one or more instructions are software or driversexecutable by a processor of an enhanced client 1004. The internalfront-end 1001 may be implemented as a network driver or software forcomputer running Windows (trademark of Microsoft Corporation), Linux,UNIX, Macintosh OS, PalmOS (trademark of Palm Corporation), or otheroperating system. In one or more embodiments, the internal front-end1001 may be part of or come with a default installation of the operatingsystem. Of course, the internal front end 1001 may be installed orincluded later as well.

In one or more embodiments, the internal front-end 1001 utilizeshardware of the computer (or other client device) to communicate. Inother words, the internal front-end 1001 allows existing communicationshardware, such as a standard network interface card, to communicate withthe advantages of the TMP link 202 described herein. Typically, theseembodiments of the internal front-end 1001 will by implemented assoftware or machine readable code.

It is noted that in some embodiments, the internal front-end 1001 may beimplemented at least partially by hardware. In one or more embodiments,a hardware add-in card or the like may include devices which arehardwired or configured to execute one or more functions of variouscomponents of an internal front-end. For example, a hardware add-in cardmay comprise one or more ASICs, FPGAs, control logic, and/or firmwarewhich allows one or more functions of the internal front-end 1001 to beperformed by the add-in card.

To illustrate, in one embodiment, the pre-processing and post-processingmechanism may be implemented in hardware to offload processing from aclient's CPU or processor to the internal front-end's hardwarecomponents. In this manner, resource intensive tasks such as encryption,error correction, and the like need not be performed by the processor.Of course, other functions of the internal front-end may be offloaded tohardware as well. In addition, it will be understood that functions maybe shared between the hardware of an internal front-end and a processorof the client. It is contemplated that the hardware of an internalfront-end may be implemented as an external add-on such as an externaldevice which is connected to a client by a USB, Bluetooth, or otherwired or wireless interface/connection.

It will be understood that an enhanced client 1004 may comprise avariety of electronic devices. As stated above, an enhanced client 1004may be a computer or computing device. This includes but is not limitedto personal computers, workstations, and servers. This also includesportable devices such as but not limited to smart phones, laptops,netbooks, tablet PCs.

A client may be enhanced by different methods. For example, in one ormore embodiments, a client may be enhanced through an automated orautomatic process when a user connects to a server, network, or otherdevice which the user wishes to communicate. To illustrate, a client maybe enhanced when its user attempts to or connects with a server or othercomputer within a corporate or other LAN. Once enhanced, the clientwould then be able to communicate with the benefits of the TMP link 202described herein. As described above, communicating via the TMP link 202is especially advantageous in low bandwidth and/or high latencyconnections which may be common place when a user is physically awayfrom the office or a corporate LAN. For example, a business traveler orhome user may communicate via a TMP link 202 once his or her client hasbeen enhanced. Of course, as stated, the TMP link 202 is beneficial inother situations as well.

A LAN network may have many remote clients on many differing types ofWAN links. The services offered to the clients can be delivery of largedocuments, transactional applications such as database access, or simplyweb browsing. Many times these applications on a client are optimizedfor use on the LAN without thought given to possible use across a WAN.These data links may not be well suited for such network servicesbecause of propagation delay inherent by the distance of the connection.They may also be not well suited because of low bandwidth such as wherethe client is connecting through a low bandwidth connection such as DSL,Cable Modem, or even dial-up. Problems with these links can beexacerbated if a VPN connection is used due to the communicationsoverhead resulting from the VPN connection's encryption of data traffic.The links can also be negatively affected by differing MTU sizes thatcan occur during transmission of the packets over the WAN route.

With an enhanced client 1004, a temporary TMP link 202 may beestablished between the client and a LAN network that offers servicesdesired by the user. When the enhanced client 1004 establishes aconnection to the LAN for the first time, the client may optionallydownload the internal front-end 1001 software. The download action maybe automated so that the user does not even realize that this isoccurring. Alternatively, this action may require user input such as toallow the user to accept or deny installation of the downloaded internalfront-end 1001. It is noted that if the user denies installation, aconnection to the LAN may still be made but without acceleration orother benefits of the TMP link 202.

If the internal front-end 1001 is installed and the client enhanced, TCPtraffic that is targeted to the desired LAN and only traffic targeted tothe connected LAN may be intercepted by the internal front-end 1001 tobe communicated across the TMP link 202. All other TCP (or other)traffic on the client may continue to be communicated as before withoutinterruption. The traffic that is intercepted may be defined by rulessupplied to the enhanced client 1004 by a back-end mechanism or afront-end manager 207 in one or more embodiments. For example, aback-end mechanism or front-end manager 207 may indicate to an enhancedclient 1004 that traffic directed to one or more particular IPaddresses, ports, domain names, or the like be intercepted by theinternal front-end so that it may be communicated through a TMP link 202created by cooperative action between the internal front-end 1001 and aback-end mechanism.

The back-end mechanism may need to have network access to all thecorporate services that are to be available via the TMP link 202. Afterthe traffic is intercepted on the enhanced client 1004, it may beconverted into TMP traffic and delivered to the back-end mechanism whereit is converted back to TCP for delivery to the server or other devicehosting the service. Return traffic from the service may also beconverted to TMP traffic for the return trip to the enhanced client 1004via the TMP link 202. In this manner, the user benefits from the TMPlink 202 created between the internal front-end 1001 of the enhancedclient 1004 and the back-end mechanism 203. In addition, the samebenefits of communicating via a stand alone front-end mechanism may beachieved by direct communication between an enhanced client 1004 and theback-end mechanism 203.

This is beneficial in that it allows the useful features of the TMP link202 to be extended directly to one or more enhanced clients 1004. Forexample, accelerated communication, encryption, error correction,quality of service, and security features provided by the TMP link 202can now be extended to enhanced clients 1004. Thus for example, unlikewith standard clients, data may remain encrypted and take advantage oferror correction and security features of the TMP link 202 until itreaches the enhanced client 1004. Likewise, the data may be encryptedand take advantage of error correction and security features as it issent from an enhanced client 1004.

As stated, the TMP link 202 between an internal front-end 1001 and aback-end mechanism 203 may be temporary in one or more embodiments. Asdescribed herein, a temporary TMP link 202 refers to a TMP link that iscreated when a connection to one or more services on a LAN are desiredby a user, and that is terminated when the services are no longerneeded. For example, a temporary TMP link 202 may be created when a userdesires access to his or her corporate email account and terminated whenthe user is done accessing his or her email or when the user logs out ofthe email account. Also, for example, a temporary TMP link 202 may becreated when a user requires access to files or data on a LAN andterminated when the files or data the user desires has been transferred.In one or more embodiments, a temporary TMP link 202 may also oralternatively be terminated after a particular period of time, whenconnectivity is lost, when a user shuts down or logs out of his or herclient device, after a period of inactivity, or if tampering is detectedwith the TMP link's connection. Of course, the temporary TMP link 202may be terminated for other reasons as well. It is contemplated thateither the internal front-end 1001, the back-end mechanism, or both maybe configured to terminate a TMP link 202 for these and other reasons.

The operation of an internal front-end in connection with an operatingsystem will now be described with regard to FIG. 12. FIG. 12 is a blockdiagram illustrating the interaction between the internal front-end andan operating system. As will be described further below, the internalfront-end's components may be implemented in a front-end process 1216,TMP redirector driver 1224, network stack 1220, or a combination thereofin one or more embodiments. For example, in one or more embodiments, thefront-end process 1216 and redirector driver 1224 may comprise variouscomponents of the internal front-end, as described above.

It is noted that the operating system shown is one of the Windows familyof operating systems. It will be understood that the software mayinteract with other operating systems. For example, software mayinteract with driver interfaces, network stacks, or communicationslayers of other operating systems in the manner described below withregard to the Windows operating system.

As shown by FIG. 12, the enhanced client 1004 has an application space1204 and a kernel space 1208. In general, applications (i.e. software orprograms) run within the application space 1204 supported by servicesprovided by the kernel space 1208. In the figure, a web browserapplication 1212 and a front-end process 1216 are shown running in theapplication space 1204. Of course, other applications may also run inthe application space 1204. A network stack 1220 may be provided in thekernel space 1208. The network stack 1220 may be configured to providecommunication services via TCP/IP or other transport providers (e.g.protocols) through one or more network interface cards or the like. Asshown for example, the network stack 1220 includes Appletalk (Trademarkof Apple Corporation), NetBT, Nbf, and NWlink as transport providers.Applications running on the operating system may utilize thecommunications services of the kernel space 1208 to communicate via thetransport providers shown. Of course, the kernel space 1208 may provideservices for communicating via various transport providers in one ormore embodiments.

As can be seen, a web browser application 1212 or other applications maycommunicate with one or more servers 210 or other devices via a socketinterface and TDI (transport driver interface) client of the networkstack 1220. This includes standard HTTP traffic over TCP/IP. As shownfor example, the web browser application 1212 may communicate through astandard TCP/IP link 1228 to a web or other server 211 by utilizing thenetwork stack 1220.

The web browser application 1212 may also communicate with one or moreservers 210 or other devices by utilizing the front-end process 1216.This allows communication over a TMP link 202 between the enhancedclient 1004 and back-end mechanism 203 or server. As described above andillustrated in FIG. 12, the TMP link 202 may be used to access servicesprovided by a server 210 through the back-end mechanism 203 in thismanner.

The front-end process 1216 may be machine readable code configured toallow creation and use of a TMP link 202 for communication. For example,the front-end service software 1216 may be an application, process,library (such as a DLL), the like, or a combination thereof. In one ormore embodiments, the front-end process 1216 provides the functionalityof the internal front-end discussed above. This may be accomplished byimplementing one or more or all the components of the internal front-endin the front-end process 1216. So configured, the front-end process 1216may convert data or packets into TMP packets and vice versa. Inaddition, the front-end process 1216 may provide encryption, errorcorrection, accelerated communication, and caching services as describedabove. This increases the security, robustness, and speed of networkcommunications. It is noted that the front-end process 1216 or a portionthereof may execute within the kernel space 1208 in some embodiments.For example, the front-end process 1216 or a portion thereof may beimplemented in a TDI (transport driver interface) driver or the likerunning within the kernel space 1208.

The front-end process 1216 may work in cooperation with a TMP redirectordriver 1224 to receive, convert, and send TMP packets. The TMPredirector driver 1224 may be configured to intercept and redirectpackets to the front-end process 1216 for conversion to TMP packets thatmay be communicated across a TMP link 202. In addition, the TMPredirector driver 1224 may convert TMP packets into TCP packets anddirect the TCP packets to an application, such as the web browserapplication 1212. In this manner, an application need not be speciallyconfigured to communicate through a TMP link 202 because the front-endprocess 1216 and TMP redirector driver 1224 provide packets usable bythe application and convert packets from the application into TMPpackets. It is contemplated that the TMP redirector driver 1224 mayinclude functionality or components of an internal front-end in one ormore embodiments. For example, pre-processing, post-processing, cachingor other services of an internal front-end may be provided by the TMPredirector driver 1224. In one or more embodiments, the TMP redirectordriver 1224 may be executed within the kernel space 1208.

In operation, a packet or data may be intercepted by the TMP redirectordriver 1224 when it reaches the network stack 1220 from an application.The TMP redirector driver 1224 may pass the packet to the front-endprocess 1216 which converts the packet into a TMP packet. The convertedpacket may then be returned to the network stack 1220 where it may besent via a TMP link 202 to a back-end mechanism 203, such as through anetwork interface card of the enhanced client 1004. A TMP packetreceived from the back-end mechanism 203 via the TMP link 202 may bereceived by the network stack 1220 and redirected by the TMP redirectordriver 1224 to the front-end process 1216 for conversion back to itsoriginal state. Once converted, the packet may pass through the networkstack 1220 to the application it is being sent to (e.g. the applicationwhich requested the packet).

The type of enhanced client and/or its operating system may determinehow the data traffic may be intercepted by the TMP redirector driver1224. For example, if the enhanced client is running Windows XP then thetraffic may be intercepted at the TDI NDIS (Transport DriverInterface/Network Driver Interface Specification) layer, while onWindows Vista this would be handled at the WFP (Windows FilteringPlatform) layer.

In one or more embodiments, the TMP redirector driver 1224 may beconfigured to determine which packets to intercept and redirect based onone or more routing rules. For example, data from an application in theapplication space 1204 may be passed to the network stack 1220. If anattribute of the packet, such as its destination address or port,matches one or more of the rules, the packet may be intercepted andredirected so that it may be sent in an accelerated fashion over a TMPlink 202. In one or more embodiments, the TMP redirector driver 1224 maybe configured to examine packets or data received by the network stackand compare one or more attributes (e.g. destination address or port) toone or more routing rules to determine whether the packets or datashould be intercepted and redirected.

It is noted that the routing rules may define various matchingattributes in addition to address and/or port matching. For example, amatching attribute may be the type of protocol used by a packet, qualityof service requirements for a packet, the size of the packet, or thetype of information contained in the packet. In one or more embodiments,the routing rules may define matching attributes comprising one or moreparticular applications. In this manner, traffic to and/or from aparticular application may be intercepted and redirected. For example,the matching attributes may comprise a process ID or process nameindicating the source (or destination) of the packet.

Also or alternatively, the rules may define the IP address of allservices to be accelerated and/or one or more ports to be acceleratedover a TMP link 202. For example, if a web application uses databasetransactions or other protocols other than HTTP for delivering the webpage, these services protocols may be accelerated and optimized througha TMP link 202 as well.

Routing rules may be provided to an enhanced client in various ways. Forexample, a back-end mechanism 203 may provide one or more rules thatdefine what traffic will be accelerated by a TMP link 202 between theclient laptop and a LAN. In one or more embodiments, the TMP redirectordriver 1224 may be in communication with a back-end mechanism 203 orfront-end manager to receive the rules. In other embodiments, the TMPredirector driver 1224 may receive the rules from the front-end process1216 which may be in communication with the back-end mechanism 203 orfront-end manager. In some embodiments, a user may input one or morerules or the rules may be provided in a data file in the client. Inthese embodiments, the TMP redirector driver 1224 need not receive rulesfrom a source external to the client. The one or more rules may bestored on a memory device of the enhanced client in one or moreembodiments.

As stated, the internal front-end may be used to create enhanced clientsfrom standard clients. In one or more embodiments, this may occur byinstalling the internal front-end (including any hardware and/orsoftware of the internal front-end) on the client. An automated installof an internal front-end may occur in some embodiments. For example, inone embodiment, when a client connects to a corporate LAN, the corporateLAN may notify a client that front-end software may be installed foraccelerated/enhanced communication between the client and the corporateLAN. This may occur through a message provided to the user of the clientmachine. Internal front-end software may then be automaticallydownloaded by the client as a result of communication from the corporateLAN. In one embodiment, the corporate LAN or server thereof may cause adownload trigger, such as an “Install” or “Download” button or link tobe presented on the client. The download trigger allows the internalfront-end to be easily downloaded and/or installed on a client. It isnoted that, in some corporate LANs, services provided by the corporateLANs may not be accessible unless the client has or installs a front-endmechanism. Thus, if a user declines installation of the internalfront-end, he or she may be denied access to the corporate LAN.

In an exemplary embodiment, a user may connect to a web site offered bythe corporate LAN over a remote connection, such as a hotel, home, orother public or private access point remote from the corporate LAN. Uponconnecting to the web site with Internet Explorer (trademark ofMicrosoft Corporation) the user may be prompted to allow installation ofan ActiveX (trademark of Microsoft Corporation) component including theinternal front-end. Once installed, the ActiveX component may interceptthe data traffic between the user's client (e.g. laptop or workstationcomputer) and the corporate web server. This traffic may then beaccelerated between the user's machine and the corporate website byconverting the traffic to one or more TMP packets for communicationthrough a TMP link.

In this example, the corporate web server may provide the ActiveXcontrol and define the parameters of this control, such as by providingthe administrative and configuration services described above withregard to a back-end mechanism or front-end manager. In addition, theweb server may be configured to provide one or more routing rules todefine what traffic is accelerated/enhanced via a TMP link. Of course,other installation schemes, automated or not, may be utilized to enhancea client. For example, the internal front-end may be provided as anexecutable file or files which a user may download and install on his orher client. In some embodiments, the internal front-end may be installedand a client enhanced without knowledge of a user. For example, a clientadministrator may cause the internal front-end to be installed remotelyor the internal front-end may be installed as part of an automatedupdate to the client's software and/or operating system.

As can be seen, the dynamic network link acceleration method andapparatus herein provides a TMP link 202 that may be established asdesired between an enhanced client 1004 and a back-end mechanism 203.Where a client does not have front-end services installed, an internalfront-end comprising machine readable instruction may be automaticallyprovided/installed or the user may download and install the software. Ifthe internal front-end is not installed the client continues to functionnormally, however, access to the corporate LAN may be denied. It isnoted that in some embodiments, access to the corporate LAN may bepermitted without installation of the internal front-end, but suchaccess will not take advantage of the benefits provided by a TMP link202 and the TMP protocol.

As indicated above, one embodiment of an enhanced client may comprise anenhanced wireless communication device. For example, a standard wirelesscommunication device such as a smart phone or tablet (such as sold underthe brand names iPhone, iPad, Blackberry, Android or the like), may beenhanced with a front end as described herein. In such a configuration,the wireless communication device may have a base or standard mode orconfiguration in which the device is configured to generate andwirelessly transmit (and/or receive) data packets of a first type, suchas TCP. As enhanced, the wireless communication device may have anenhanced mode or configuration in which the device is capable ofgenerating and transmitting data packets of a second type.

As indicated above, in one embodiment data packets of a first type maybe routed for encoding or conversion into data packets of a second typebased upon routing rules. In one embodiment, such routing rules mayinclude instructions by a user of the device. For example, in oneembodiment, a user of the client device (such as a wirelesscommunication device) may have the option of selecting whether theclient device operates in base or enhanced mode. For example, a wirelesscommunication device may include a graphical user interface which isconfigured to present the user with an option to transmit data in thestandard or base mode (i.e. packets of the first type) or in theenhanced mode (i.e. in packets of the second type). In otherembodiments, the operational mode may be automatically selected, such asby detecting whether or not an enhanced communication link is available.

In another embodiment, data packets of a first type may be routed forencoding or conversion into data packets of a second type based upon aprogrammatic interface which is integrated directly into an applicationvia a software development kit (SDK). This mechanism is useful forenhancing individual applications.

It will be appreciated that the enhanced device described herein mayalso apply to a server, such as a webserver, or other “back end device”.In particular, such a configuration, the back end or second device mayalso be enhanced with a back-end 203 in similar manner to that describedabove relative to the front end. In this configuration, an enhancedfirst or client device may communicate with a server or second devicevia a back end 203 as described above, or may communicate with anenhanced server or second device (i.e. a server or second device whichis itself enhanced with a back end).

When the client device and/or the back end or second device comprises awireless communication device, it will be appreciated that at least aportion of the enhanced communication link is wireless. For example, ifthe client device comprises an enhanced wireless communication device,the communication link may comprise a wireless communication linkbetween that device and a wireless second device (such as anotherwireless communication device), or a wireless interface which is coupledvia a wired communication link to the back end or an enhanced seconddevice.

As indicated herein, each front-end and each back-end mechanism maysupport multiple wired and/or wireless devices concurrently, via wiredand/or wireless communication links.

As indicated above, operational information may be exchanged between afront-end and a back-end to configure the enhanced communication linkand/or to control that link (including, for example, setting theoperating parameters for the front-end and/or back-end). In a preferredembodiment, information is exchanged in order to create and optimize theenhanced communication link between each front-end/client and eachback-end/server. As described below, this aspect of the invention isparticularly useful in optimizing each enhanced communication channel orlink, such as when there are multiple of such links and those links mayall have different characteristics.

Aspects of the invention will be described with reference to FIG. 13. Asillustrated therein, a number of different clients 1004 a-d maycommunicate with one or more back-ends 203 via TMP links 202. Theclients 1004 a-d may be enhanced clients such as described above(wherein each client 1004 a-d incorporates or includes a front-end 1001)or else the clients 1004 a-d may communicate with a separate front-end(such as the front-end 201 illustrated in FIG. 2 and described above)which, in turn, communicates with the back-end. In addition, theback-end 203 may similarly be separate from, or comprise a part of oneor more second devices, such as one or more servers 210. Of course, FIG.13 is just an example and there could be a greater or lesser number ofclients 1004 a-d (and various front-ends) and other numbers of back-ends203, etc.

In such a configuration, each enhanced communication link (preferably, aTMP link 202) may comprise a separate network path, with each pathhaving various and potentially differing characteristics, such aspassing through different network devices and having different lengths,etc. As one example, as illustrated in FIG. 13, a first client 1004 amight comprise a wireless communication device such as a PDA or cellphone, wherein at least a portion of the communication link to theback-end 203 includes a 3G cellular data connection. A second client1004 b might comprise a wireless communication device such as a PDA orcell phone, wherein at least a portion of the communication link to theback-end 203 includes a 4G cellular data connection. A third client 1004c might comprise a wireless communication device such as a PDA or cellphone, wherein at least a portion of the communication link to theback-end 203 includes a Wi-Fi (802.11xx, etc.) data connection. Lastly,the fourth client 1004 d might comprise desk-top computing device or thelike, wherein at least a portion of the communication link to theback-end 203 includes a wired data connection (DSL, cable, Ethernet,T-1, etc.). Of course, the clients 1004 a-d might comprise a wide rangeof devices now known or later developed, which devices may communicateover various communication links which are wired and/or wireless andwhich utilize different communication protocols.

Importantly, prior to establishing a TMP connection/link 202, eachclient 1004 a-d preferably determines the type of connection it isutilizing (such as 4G, 3G, WiFi, etc.) The method by which such isdetermined may be specific to the client 1004, such as the operatingsystem which it is running (iOS, Android, Windows, and Linux all havedifferent mechanisms to detect the network connection type). In anotherconfiguration, it is possible for the remote client 1004 topre-configure or pre-set connection settings.

In one embodiment, the enhanced communication protocol, such as TMP,facilitates dynamic negotiation of configuration parameters for eachcommunication link or connection. In one embodiment, a list of Type,Length and Value (TLV) pairs is allowed in the connection andconfiguration request packet which facilitates the exchange ofconfiguration parameters or operational information between the remoteclient/front-end and the back-end. The same mechanism can be used tochange the configuration of an existing condition.

As indicated, in a preferred embodiment, the remote client 1004 eitheruses the pre-configured settings or dynamically determines them vianetwork detection and builds them into one or more initial connectionrequest messages or packets which are transmitted to the back-end 203.For example, in one embodiment of the invention, a remote client 1004determines its network connection type using an interface associatedwith its operating system. Using this information and settings stored ina configuration file or repository, the remote client 1004 can generatea special TMP connection and configuration packet. As detailed below,the back-end 203 then uses the connection/configuration information toconfigure the enhanced communication link 202.

In one embodiment, one or more of the following parameters may besupported and be used by the back-end 203 in configuring and operatingthe TMP link 202.

Minimum aggression. This parameter may be used to incrementally adjustcongestion control variables such as a minimum window increment (wherethe window increment comprises a change in the size of the congestionwindow) which is implemented by the back-end 203. The minimum aggressionvalue is used to set the initial congestion control parameters. A higherminimum aggression value will enable the back-end 203 to increase itscongestion window (i.e. the size of the TMP window, which generallycomprises the maximum amount of acknowledged data that the sending sidewill allow at any one point in time) in larger increments (increase thetransmit rate quicker) and probe for the maximum bandwidth faster. Itwill also potentially lead to more loss depending on the network.

Maximum aggression. This parameter caps how high the aggression levelcan be raised.

Maximum bandwidth. This parameter limits the maximum transmit rate thatthe back-end 203 will use when sending data over the TMP link 203 to theremote client 1004. This can be useful on networks where the maximumbandwidth is either known or the user wishes to limit bandwidth on a peruser basis.

Use NAT (Network Address Translation) packets. This parameter is setwhen it is necessary to rotate the TMP receive ports relative to theback-end 203 for firewall specific reasons.

Congestion control algorithm. This parameter allows the remote client203 to negotiate a specific congestion control algorithm.

UUID (Universally Unique Identifier). The UUID identifies the remoteclient 1004 within the network. Having a UUID allows the back-end 203 torecognize the remote client 1004 when there are network changes (forexample, 4G to WiFi) where the client device will connect with adifferent IP address.

As indicated above, these initial parameters may be used to initiallyconfigure the TMP link 203. Set forth below are examples of parametersfor the example clients and communication links.

Client 1004 a: 3G cellular data connection. A) Condition: 1) Mediumstrength radio signal, constantly varying; 2) 1.5 Mb/s, constantlyvarying; 3) 100-250 ms of latency, constantly varying; 4) 0-5% packetloss, constantly varying. B) TMP link Configuration: NAT type 0; Minaggression: 3; Max aggression: 12; Max Bandwidth: 5 Mb/s; Congestioncontrol factor (n)xRTT.

Client 1004 b: 4G cellular data connection. A) Condition: 1) Mediumstrength radio signal, constantly varying; 2) 2-10 Mb/s, constantlyvarying; 3) 100-150 ms of latency, constantly varying; 4) 0-1% packetloss, constantly varying. B) TMP link Configuration: NAT type 1; Minaggression: 6; Max aggression: 30; Max Bandwidth: 20 Mb/s; Congestioncontrol factor (*n)xRTT.

Client 1004 c: WiFi data connection. A) Condition: 1) High strengthradio signal, constantly varying; 2) 30-144 Mb/s, occasionally varying;3) 50-60 ms of latency, constantly varying; 4) 0% packet loss. B) TMPConfiguration: NAT type 1; Min aggression: 6; Max aggression: 60; MaxBandwidth: 144 Mb/s; Congestion control factor (*n)xRTT.

Client 1004 d: Wired data connection. A) Condition: 1) Consistentconnection, never varying; 2) 50 Mb/s, rarely varying; 3) 50 ms oflatency, rarely varying; 4) 0% packet loss. B) TMP link Configuration:NAT type 0; Min aggression: 12; Max aggression: 60; Max Bandwidth: 0(unlimited); Congestion control factor (*n)xRTT.

Of course, these are just examples of clients, links and TMP orcommunication link parameters or settings.

In embodiment, for example, default or recommended settings might be asfollows. For a 3G wireless connection, minimum aggression=3. For a 4Gwireless connect, minimum aggression=4. For a wired or WiFi connection,minimum aggression=12.

In addition, for an active connection, the adjustments may be made tothe link operating parameters. As indicated above, operationalinformation may be exchanged between the front-end 201 or a client 1004which is implementing a front-end 1001, and a back-end 203. Thisinformation may again be transmitted in the form of dedicated packets ora portion of a TMP packet, such as in the header thereof.

In one embodiment, incremental adjustments are made to the operationalparameters in order to optimize the enhanced communication link. Forexample, incremental adjustments may be made to how the congestionwindow is incremented based on receive rate and round trip time (RTT).Receive rate is continuously monitored and as the rate increases and/orRTT increases, the incremental adjustment will be increased until dataloss is detected, at which point receive rate is preferably reducedalong with the current congestion window. This process is preferablyrepeated.

In one embodiment, this method comprises periodically sampling the TMPlink 202, such as the data receive path (from the remote client 1004 tothe back-end 203) to determine the receive rate. In particular QoSpackets (or QoS data in packet headers) are exchanged between theback-end 203 and the client 1004 in order to determine RTT. Starting ata selected base receive rate, such as 10 Mbps, the window increment maybe linearly increased, such as by the following: ((Receive rate−baserate))*adjustment factor). There may be selected maximum adjustmentfactor or window increment.

The window increment may also be increased based upon higher RTT. Forexample, above a selected RTT time, such as 100 ms, the window incrementmay be incremented by the following: ((Current RTT−Base RTT))*adjustmentfactor #2). The same or a similar maximum adjustment factor or windowincrement may be applied.

Loss may be detected in various ways, such as no acknowledgement for atransmitted packet or no acknowledgement within a given time period(such as greater than 2*RTT), reception of a NACK or other notificationthat the request/sequence was lost), or from QoS data. At a specifiedloss rate, the back-end 203 may implement a TMP link 202 recovery mode,such as by resetting the increment window back to its initial value.Preferably, the back-end 203 does not reduce the window increment so asto reach a given loss which corresponds to the loss rate for linkrecovery.

A particular advantage of the incremental adjustments is that it allowsfor reduced granularity, such as relative to the minimum aggressionsetting. For example: the maximum bandwidth for one carrier's 4G networkmay be less than that of another carrier. In fact, there will bevariation with a single carrier's network depending on location andnetwork utilization. By being incrementally agile based on real timebandwidth detection, the present invention permits adjustments beyondthe baseline settings.

When a change in network connection type occurs, the baselineoperational parameters can be re-negotiated with the back-end 203. Inthis case the universally unique identifier (UUID) may be used toassociate the incoming request with the previously established TMP link203. For example, in one method, the remote client 1004 detects anetwork change, such as via an operating system (OS) specific mechanism.In that event, the client 100 sends a new configuration negotiationrequest to the back-end based on the new network type. Thereafter, theback-end 203 recognizes new negotiation request based on UUID andadjusts the settings for that TMP link 203.

Importantly, active TCP connections being handled by the back-end 203are maintained across this network change over (link resiliency). Thisallows the back-end 203 to not only maintain data connectivity with oneor more remote clients 1004, but to also do it while optimizing for thenew network type used by any of those clients 1004.

As indicated above the method and system for optimizing the enhancedcommunication link or channel may be implemented in variousenvironments, including where there are dedicated front-end and/orback-end devices, and/or where the front-end and back-end are associatedwith a client device or remote server. In addition, the optimizationfeatures could be implemented relative to other communication links,including other types of enhanced communication links which do notspecifically utilize the TMP protocol described herein.

The above-described optimization aspect of the invention as numerousadvantages. Traditional wide area network (WAN) optimization isconcerned with improving the performance of a given network connectionbetween two end points, with an assumption that the basic character ofthe network including the available bandwidth, latency, loss rate, andphysical path will be consistent. These traditional WAN optimizationsolutions tune performance and utilize configurations which maximizeperformance for that given, consistent network connection and in mostcases perform well. However, the advent of cloud computing, smart mobiledevices, distributed computing environments, and fairly ubiquitousaccess to data connections are fundamentally changing the way end usersconnect to applications and content, and creating far more complexnetwork environments. Although environments still exist where there aretwo fixed endpoints communicating across a consistent and physicalconnection, there is an accelerating trend towards centralization anddistribution of compute resources and recentralization of data in“cloud” environments. This can be thought of highly centralized, fromthe end users perspective, information being stored and processed inhighly distributed, from a compute perspective, infrastructures. In thisenvironment the end user accesses or requests data at a named location;i.e. a web page, VPN, corporate office, or media provider. However, theactual data could be located at any number of physical locations near toor far away from the end user and accessed via multiple networkconnections of varying type and quality. Functionally the end users areat a momentarily fixed location, accessing data that is in an arbitrarylocation versus the traditional enterprise where both the end user andthe data are in fixed and well known (to both ends) physical locations.Mobilization of data includes public and private cloud providers such asAmazon's EC2, Microsoft Azure, Oracle On Demand, HP Cloud; and, anyenterprise consolidating computing and storage capabilities whileproviding broader access to the data via distributed connectivity.

In this new distributed, mobilized data delivery and applicationenvironment network performance is more important than ever as the enduser relies entirely on whatever network resources are available at themoment of need in order to access the required applications and data.The end users computing resource (computer, laptop, tablet, smartphone,or other device) is no longer assumed to be physically connected to thecomputing resources via a dedicated or consistent connection. Instead,the end user relies on whatever connection is available to themincluding home Internet, public WiFi, cellular data connections, or thetraditional office network. In many instances the end user will use manydifferent networks of many different types to access the same data andapplications.

The present invention comprises a method for WAN optimization thatautomatically and dynamically adjusts to the most favored configurationsand actions for each distributed end-point individually, from acentralized head-end. With this capability each end user connection isoptimized specifically based on the type and character of the networkconnection available to them at that point in time, for the duration ofthat connection and uniquely to it. This capability enables the networkoperator to provide the maximum performance and reliability to end usersregardless of the type of connection and without prior knowledge.

While various embodiments of the invention have been described, it willbe apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that many moreembodiments and implementations are possible that are within the scopeof this invention. In addition, the various features, elements, andembodiments described herein may be claimed or combined in anycombination or arrangement.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer program product configured toimplement a back-end comprising an interface to a server, wherein saidback-end exchanges data with said server in data packets of a first typeand wherein said back-end is configured to communicate data with amobile communication device over an enhanced communication link in oneor more data packets of a second type, which second type differs fromthe first type, comprising: non-transitory machine-readable code fixedin a tangible medium which, when executed by said processor isconfigured to cause said back-end to: receive one or more firstconfiguration packets from said mobile communication device, said one ormore first configuration packets comprising first communication linkparameters based upon a first network connection type determined by saidmobile communication device; establish said enhanced communications linkwith said mobile communication device using said first communicationlink parameters received from said mobile communication device, saidenhanced communications link having first settings based upon said oneor more first communication link parameters; receive one or more secondconfiguration packets from said mobile communication device, said one ormore second configuration packets comprising second communication linkparameters based upon a new second network connection type determined bysaid mobile communication device; adjust settings of said enhancedcommunications link from said first settings to second settings in orderto maintain said enhanced communications link between said back-end andsaid mobile communication device, using said second communication linkparameters received from said mobile communication device; and transmitone or more data packets of said second type to said mobilecommunication device.
 2. The computer program product in accordance withclaim 1 wherein said first and second network connection types areselected from the group consisting of: Wi-Fi, 3G cellular and 4Gcellular.
 3. The computer program product in accordance with claim 1wherein said first and second communication link parameters comprise amaximum data transfer rate.
 4. The computer program product inaccordance with claim 1 wherein said first and second communication linkparameters comprise an aggression level.
 5. The computer program productin accordance with claim 1 wherein said first and second communicationlink parameters comprise a universally unique identifier for said mobilecommunication device.
 6. The computer program product in accordance withclaim 1 wherein said machine-readable code is further configured tocause said back-end to exchange quality of service information with saidmobile communication device over said enhanced communications link. 7.The computer program product in accordance with claim 1 wherein saidmobile communication device comprises a mobile phone, a PDA, a table ora laptop computing device.
 8. The computer program product in accordancewith claim 1 wherein said processor comprises a processor of said serverand said tangible medium comprises a memory of said server.
 9. Thecomputer program product in accordance with claim 1 wherein saidback-end comprises a computing device comprising said processor.
 10. Acomputer program product configured to dynamically maintaincommunications between a mobile communication device and a serverthrough an enhanced communications link when network connection typeswith said mobile communication device change, comprising: non-transitorymachine-readable code fixed in a tangible medium which, when executed bya processor is configured to: implement a back-end comprising aninterface to said server; establish an enhanced communications linkbetween said back-end and said mobile communication device, saidenhanced communication link having first settings, said first settingsbased upon first communication link parameters transmitted from saidmobile communication device to said back-end, said first communicationlink parameters based upon a first network connection type determined bysaid mobile communication device, wherein said back-end exchanges datawith said server in data packets of a first type and wherein saidback-end is configured to communicate data with said mobilecommunication device over said enhanced communication link in one ormore data packets of a second type, which second type differs from saidfirst type; transmit one or more data packets of said second type fromsaid back-end to said mobile communication device over said enhancedcommunication link having said first settings; adjust said enhancedcommunications link to have second settings, said second settings basedupon second communication link parameters transmitted from said mobilecommunication device to said back-end, said second communication linkparameters based upon a change in network connection type to a secondnetwork connection type determined by said mobile communication device;and transmit one or more data packets of said second type from saidback-end to said mobile communication device over said enhancedcommunication link having said second settings.
 11. The computer programproduct in accordance with claim 10 wherein said processor comprises aprocessor of said server.
 12. The computer program product in accordancewith claim 10 wherein said first and second network connection types areselected from the group consisting of: Wi-Fi, 3G cellular and 4Gcellular.
 13. The computer program product in accordance with claim 10wherein said first and second communication link parameters comprise amaximum data transfer rate.
 14. The computer program product inaccordance with claim 10 wherein said first and second communicationlink parameters comprise an aggression level.
 15. The computer programproduct in accordance with claim 10 wherein said first and secondcommunication link parameters comprise a universally unique identifierfor said mobile communication device.
 16. The computer program productin accordance with claim 10 wherein said mobile communication devicecomprises a mobile phone, a PDA, a table or a laptop computing device.17. The computer program product in accordance with claim 10 whereinsaid machine-readable code is further configured to cause said back-endto incrementally adjust said first settings and said second settings tooptimize said enhanced communications link.
 18. The computer programproduct in accordance with claim 17 wherein said step of incrementallyadjusting at least one of said first settings and said second settingscomprises changing a size of a congestion window.
 19. The computerprogram product in accordance with claim 10 wherein said first and/orsecond communication link parameters comprise at least one of: 1)aggression level; 2) bandwidth; 3) use of NAT packets; 4) use of UUID;and 5) use of a congestion control algorithm.
 20. The computer programproduct in accordance with claim 10 wherein said first and/or secondcommunication link parameters are based upon one or more features ofsaid network connection type, said features comprising at least oneof: 1) signal strength; 2) bandwidth; 3) latency; and 4) packet loss.